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Intro to Neuro Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sodium voltage-gated ion channel made of?

A

six transmembrane (TM) regions that are repeated four times within a single SCN gene and 4 TM domains

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2
Q

What are the properties of chloride gated channels?

A

2 subunits that form a dimer, where each subunit has a pore

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3
Q

What is the effect of TTX blocking sodium channels?

A

Stops depolarization which stops APs and can no longer transmit signals

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4
Q

What is the effect of scorpion a/b toxins?

A

Sustained depolarization increasing excitability leading to muscle spasms

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5
Q

What are symporters?

A

Moves 2 different molecules in the SAME direction (ex. reabsorption in digestive tract)

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6
Q

What are antiporters?

A

Moves 2 different molecules in DIFFERENT directions (ex. sodium potassium pump)

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7
Q

What is an absolute refractory period?

A

The inactivation of the sodium channels prevents them from re-opening until Vm is back at resting

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8
Q

Why is there an absolute refractory period?

A

Prevents overexcitation and temporally separates successive action potentials

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9
Q

How does AP conduction work?

A

Initiation zone spikes which depolarizes PM and repeats down the axon until it reaches the terminal

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10
Q

What is shunting inhibition?

A

neural inhibition characterized by a chloride flows through activated GABAA receptors into neurons causing hyperpolarization

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11
Q

How does shunting inhibition occur?

A

Inhibitory transmitters open chloride channels until the membrane potential (Vm) is close to the chloride equilibrium potential

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12
Q

What affects conduction velocity?

A

axon diameter and leakiness of axon PM

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13
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When the AP jumps from node of ranvier to the next

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14
Q

What is a tripartite synapse?

A

A pre-synaptic terminal and post-synaptic membrane encased by an astrocyte

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15
Q

Where are amino acids and amines synthesized?

A

axon terminals

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16
Q

What is an mEPP?

A

a type of postsynaptic response that occurs when a single quantum of neurotransmitter is spontaneously released from a presynaptic neuron

17
Q

What is synapsin?

A

binds vesicles in the reserve pool

18
Q

What is synaptobrevin (vSNARE)?

A

protein found on the membranes of synaptic vesicles that interacts with tSNARE

19
Q

What is synataxin and SNAP-25 (tSNARE)?

A

These proteins are found on the presynaptic membrane in neurons stabilizing SNARE complex

20
Q

What is a SNARE protein?

A

Together with v-SNAREs like synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP-25 form the SNARE complex to allow for vesicle exocytosis

21
Q

What is CaMKII?

A

Phosphorylates synapsin to release vesicles in reserve pool​ allowing them to move to PM for release​

22
Q

What are NSF/SNAPs?

A

Proteins that work together to disassemble SNARE complexes after membrane fusion

23
Q

What is Synaptotagmin​?

A

calcium-regulated fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane and regulation of neurotransmitter release

24
Q

How does botulism affect neurotransmitter release?

A

By cleaving SNAP proteins, it prevents fusion of synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane and cannot release neurotransmitter

25
Q

What are the effects of tetanus?

A

It inhibits the release of GABA leading to excitability of muscles leading to paralysis or lockjaw

26
Q

What are the effects of a-latrotoxin?

A

Causes influx of calcium which leads to sustained release of neurotransmitter causing spasms

27
Q

How is neurotransmitter enzymatically broken down?

A

Acetylcholinesterase​

28
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

To secrete cytokines and other factors to remove debris when activated by injury or infection

29
Q

What is neurolemma?

A

additive protective structure found only on Schwann cells

30
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

Generates CSF

31
Q

What is the role of tanycytes?

A

line the ventricles

32
Q

where are medium spiny neurons most common?

A

basal ganglia

Intro to Neuro Exam 1 (3 decks)

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