Exam 1 Flashcards by Seth Ferguson

Thick walled plant cells that add strength to stems and stalks

Collenchyma

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The Scientific Study of trees

Dendrology

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A protective coating of waxy material that forms on the outside of plant tissues such as plants and leaves

Cuticle

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The outer layer of cells that protect plant leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots

Epidermis

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A specialized type of plant cell that strengthens tissues by adding fiber to them; cells that form the shells of nuts

Sclerenchyma

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A specialized plant structure that makes up sieve tubes and phloem tissue , facilitating the flow of plant foods to stem and roots

Sieve Element

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A specialized plant structure made up of sieve elements; an important components in phloem tissue, facilitating the flow of plant foods to stems and roots

Sieve Tube

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A group of cells that contribute to a particular life function

Tissue

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The branch biology concerned with the life functions and process of living organisms

Physiology

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A protective outer covering of root and stem tissues consisting of dead plant cells containing a waxy material

Cork

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A plant structure that becomes hollow after it has died, facilitating the flow of dissolved nutrients in the stems, roots, and leaves of a plant

Vessel Element

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The study of the structure of an organism

anatomy

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a vascular plant tissue through which sugars and plant foods, manufactured in the leaves, flow to the stems and roots

Phloem

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A long, tapered plant cell found in xylem tissue, having pits in the cell walls through which water is conducted

Tracheid

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A plan structure that consists of vessel elements that have grown together, end to end, facilitating the flow of large volumes of dissolved nutrients within the plant

Vessel

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Thin-walled cells loosely packed together to form spongy tissues with air spaces between them; cells that make up much of the material in plant leaves, roots, stems, and fruits

Parenchyma

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A woody tissue that conducts water with dissolved nutrients and plant material from the roots to the stems and leaves

Xylem

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Old, dark-colored, nonfunctional xylem located in the center of a tree stem or trunk that has become saturated with tannins, gums, and resins, thus eliminating the flow of water and dissolved material

Heartwood

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A leaf structure similar to the midrib that gives structure and shape to the leaf

spine

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a layer of meristem tissue located between the wood and the bark of a tree from which new wood and bark are produced

Cambium

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A row of parenchymal cells that radiate to the center of the stem or trunk of a tree and that transports dissolved materials across the woody section of the stem

Vascular Ray

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A plant leafstalk forming the attachment to the plant stem

Petiole

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A new layer of woody xylem tissue that forms each year throughout the life of a tree

Annual Ring

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Light-colored wood through which water and dissolved plant nutrients flow

Sapwood

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Plant cells, located in a growth zones, that are dividing rapidly to form new plant tissues such as stems and roots

Meristem

The flat part of a leaf; usually green or red in color

Blade

A rapidly dividing mass of cells located on the ends of stems and roots that cause the stems and roots to elongate or grow longer

Apical Meristem

A reinforced vein in a leaf extending from the leaf stem to the tip of the leaf

Midrib

The distinctively shaped outer edge of a leaf ; a useful structure for tree ID purposes

Margin

Leaf structures that connect to the vascular tissues in spines or midribs, allowing the flow of dissolved materials to the cells of the leaf

Vein

A structure located in the center of a stem consisting of parenchymal cells, which have the primary function of storing plant food

Pith

The base of a flower

Receptacle

The inner floral leaves of a flower that are often brightly colored

petals

Multiple leaflets arranged along opposite sides of a central leafstalk

Pinnately Compound

A class of tree that produces seeds inside an ovary or fruit; a flowering tree

Angiosperm

A uniquely shaped leaf that is narrow in width and relatively long in length

needle

Multiple leaflets arranged on spines or veins that radiate from a single point; shaped like a hand with the fingers spread apart

Palmately Compound

From a broadleaf tree with divisions along the leaf margin

Lobed simple

Growth in the diameter of roots, stems, and branches

Secondary Growth

The stalk of the stamen in a flower

Filament

The part of a flower that produces the ovule or egg cell

Ovary

A class of tree such as pine, spruce, or cedar that bears seeds in cones

Gymnosperm

Multiple leaflets attached to side branches that grow opposite one another on a central leafstalk

Bipinately Compound

The male part of the flower consisting of the anther and the filiment

Stamen

A leaf that consists of a number of tiny thin and flat overlapping leaf structures

Scale

The female flower part that functions as pollen recepter

Stigma

Two or more leaf blades arise from common point of attachment on the branch or twig

Compound leaf

An immature female germ cell located inside the ovary of a flower

Ovule

A female reproductive structure found in a flower

Pistil

A protective leaflike structure that closes over a flower during hours of darkness

Sepal

The plant organ in which pollen grains develop and mature

Anther

A female flower part that connects the stigma to the ovary of the flower

Style

The first specialized cells that form in the area of maturation, such as the epidermis, cortex, and the vascular cylinder tissues in the root

Primary Tissue

A primary root that grows much larger than the other roots

Taproot

The outer layer of the vascular cylinder of a root

Pericycle

The innermost layer of cells in the cortex of a root

Endodermis

The innermost part of a root, consisting of xylem and phloem tissues

Vascular Cylinder

A plant organ such as root, stem, or leaf

Vegetative

A primary root that branches out just below the surface, main roots are near the same size

Fibrous

A property of a membrane that allows certain kinds of dissolved materials to pass through

semipermeable

Elongated growth of plant cells, accounting for the lengthwise growth of roots and stems

Primary

A group of specialized cells that develops at the root tip from which a slimy material is produced, helping the root to pass through the soil

root cap

The cells responsible for the increase in the diameter of roots, stems, and branches as they grow

secondary tissue

Epidermal cells that have developed into long, thin, threadlike projections to facilitate absorption of water and dissolved nutrients from the soil

Root Hair

Meristem tissue that forms in a continuous ring between xylem and phloem tissues and that gives rise to new growth of these tissues

Vascular Cambium

A plant organ in which sexual reproduction occurs; a flower

Reproductive

Meristem tissue that produces the cork on the outside of a root

Cork Cambium

A group of several tissues, such as roots and stems, that functions as a single unit

Organ

Loosely arranged parenchyma cells located in the interior of a root in which sugars and starches are stored

Cortex

Contains Materials capable of capturing energy from the sun

Chloroplasts

Structure where genes are located

Chromosomes

Synthesis lipids which help produce the cellular Membrane

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Where respiration and energy production occur

Mitochondria

Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules

Golgi Body

Synthesizes rRna, stores RNA, and creates ribosomes

Nucleolus

Responsible for Protein synthesis

Ribosome's

Responsible for protein production

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Rigid outer covering of a plant cell

Cell Wall

Allows substances to move in and out of a cell

Cell membrane

Collects excess water and waste materials and discharges them

Vacuole

Holds all of the cells structures or organelles with the exception of the nucleus

Cytoplasm

Structure containing hereditary materials, passes physical traits to offspring

Nucleus

1. Cuticle 2. Upper Epidermis 3. Xylem 4. Phloem 5. Lower Epidermis 6. Stoma 7. Mesophyll 8. Vein 9. Palisade Layer 10. Spongey Parenchyma

1. Nucleus 2. Chloroplasts 3. Chromosomes 4. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 5. Mitochondria 6. Golgi Body 7. Nucleolus 8. Ribosomes 9. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 10. Cell Wall 11. Cell Membrane 12. Vacuole