exam 1 Flashcards
positive punishment
adding bad to decrease behavior.
positive reinforcement
adding good to increase behavior.
negative punishment
subtracting good to decrease behavior.
negative reinforcement
subtracting bad to increase behavior
___ + ___ = CS
US + NS = CS
what is the same as the CS
UR
psychology
the scientific study of behavioral and mental processing.
structuralism
Wundt; introspection used to reveal mind’s structure.
functionalism
W. James; how mental & behavioral processing enable adaptation, survival, & flourish.
behavioral approach
observational responses (B.F Skinner)
cognitive approach
non-observable, internal processing in knowing.
psychodynamic approach
unconscious thoughts and looking back at childhood. (Freud)
evolutionary
argue that behaviors can be traced back to early civilization.
humanistic
positive qualities of a person
biological
focus on the body - brain and spinal cord.
sociocultural
understanding culture to understand behavior.
scientific method
self-collecting for evaluating with observations & analysis.
steps to scientific method
observe, form hypothesis, empirical research, draw conclusions, evaluate conclusions.
empirical method
evidence-based, draws on observations and experimentation.
descriptive research
describing & observing. (surveys, interviews, case studies)
correlational research
relationships between variables
experimental research
researchers choose which variable to manipulate.
participant design
participants go through all conditions
quasi-experimental
study differences between naturally occurring groups.
research cautions
bias (swaying one way), placebo effect (expectations influence), replication
sensory info v. motor info
sensory - afferent (in)
motor - efferent (out)
neural networks
integrate sensory and motor info.
peripheral (PNS)
nerve networks connecting CNS to the body & execute CNS commands.
autonomic (ANS)
automatic processing
somatic (SNS)
sensory nerves convey info from brain and order to motor nerve.
sympathetic
arouses body (under ANS)
parasympathetic
calms body (ANS)
sensory info comes from…
vision
audition
touch
gustation
olfcation
thalamus
directs where info goes; top of brainstem.
all lobes are __ except the ____
afferent; frontal lobe
frontal lobe
CEO of the brain; executes decisions based off info received.
neurons
information processors
cell body / soma
keeps neurons alive.
dendrites
receiver
axons
transmitter
myelin sheaths
protect the axon.
axon terminal
sends info to synaptic gap.
synaptic gap
space between dendrites.
excitatory neurotransmitters
revs neurons up.
inhibitory neurotransmitters
chills neurons down
Acetylcholine (Ach)
stimulates muscle, learning, memory (excitatory).
GABA
increases motor control, stops firing (inhibitory).
glutamate
helps learning and memory (excitatory).
norepinphrine
excites heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract, monitors alertness (both).
dopamine
helps movement, memory, pleasure, motivation (excitatory).
serotonin
regulates sleep, mood, attention, learning (excitatory).
oxytocin
love and social binding
endorphins
depress nervous system, increases pleasure.
absolute threshold
minimum level of stimulus activity to detect stimulus.
signal detection theory
whether a stimulus is detected depends on intensity and psychological factors.
difference threshold
minimum differences for a person to detect differences.
weber’s law
must differ a minimum percentage.
cornea
protects and bends light to focus.
iris
colored part of the eye.
lens
bends light more to focus it on retina (called accommodations).
retina
records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses.
rods
receptor cells in retina that are sensitive to light.
cones
receptor cells in retina that allow color perception.
trichromatic theory
Helmholz; color perception produced by 3 cones (red, blue, green).
opponent-process theory
cells respond to complementary pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)
classical conditioning
link of two stimuli that help anticipate an event (Pavlov, 1897). Proceeds behavior.
operant conditioning
changing behavior choices in response to consequences (Skinner, 1937). follows behavior.
cognitive learning
acquired new behaviors and info mentally. (observing, talking).
observational learning
a person observes and imitates behavior (king, 2021).
learning factors - purposeful behaviors
goal drive, expectancy learning & info.
learning factors - insight
(Kohler, 1925) - problem solving; organism develops sudden insight of a problem’s solution.
critical thinking
curious, skeptical, objective
