exam 1 Flashcards by isabelle milani

positive punishment

adding bad to decrease behavior.

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positive reinforcement

adding good to increase behavior.

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negative punishment

subtracting good to decrease behavior.

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negative reinforcement

subtracting bad to increase behavior

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___ + ___ = CS

US + NS = CS

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what is the same as the CS

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psychology

the scientific study of behavioral and mental processing.

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structuralism

Wundt; introspection used to reveal mind’s structure.

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functionalism

W. James; how mental & behavioral processing enable adaptation, survival, & flourish.

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behavioral approach

observational responses (B.F Skinner)

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cognitive approach

non-observable, internal processing in knowing.

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psychodynamic approach

unconscious thoughts and looking back at childhood. (Freud)

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evolutionary

argue that behaviors can be traced back to early civilization.

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humanistic

positive qualities of a person

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biological

focus on the body - brain and spinal cord.

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sociocultural

understanding culture to understand behavior.

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scientific method

self-collecting for evaluating with observations & analysis.

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steps to scientific method

observe, form hypothesis, empirical research, draw conclusions, evaluate conclusions.

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empirical method

evidence-based, draws on observations and experimentation.

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descriptive research

describing & observing. (surveys, interviews, case studies)

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correlational research

relationships between variables

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experimental research

researchers choose which variable to manipulate.

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participant design

participants go through all conditions

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quasi-experimental

study differences between naturally occurring groups.

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research cautions

bias (swaying one way), placebo effect (expectations influence), replication

sensory info v. motor info

sensory - afferent (in) motor - efferent (out)

neural networks

integrate sensory and motor info.

peripheral (PNS)

nerve networks connecting CNS to the body & execute CNS commands.

autonomic (ANS)

automatic processing

somatic (SNS)

sensory nerves convey info from brain and order to motor nerve.

sympathetic

arouses body (under ANS)

parasympathetic

calms body (ANS)

sensory info comes from...

vision audition touch gustation olfcation

thalamus

directs where info goes; top of brainstem.

all lobes are __ except the ____

afferent; frontal lobe

frontal lobe

CEO of the brain; executes decisions based off info received.

neurons

information processors

cell body / soma

keeps neurons alive.

dendrites

receiver

axons

transmitter

myelin sheaths

protect the axon.

axon terminal

sends info to synaptic gap.

synaptic gap

space between dendrites.

excitatory neurotransmitters

revs neurons up.

inhibitory neurotransmitters

chills neurons down

Acetylcholine (Ach)

stimulates muscle, learning, memory (excitatory).

GABA

increases motor control, stops firing (inhibitory).

glutamate

helps learning and memory (excitatory).

norepinphrine

excites heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract, monitors alertness (both).

dopamine

helps movement, memory, pleasure, motivation (excitatory).

serotonin

regulates sleep, mood, attention, learning (excitatory).

oxytocin

love and social binding

endorphins

depress nervous system, increases pleasure.

absolute threshold

minimum level of stimulus activity to detect stimulus.

signal detection theory

whether a stimulus is detected depends on intensity and psychological factors.

difference threshold

minimum differences for a person to detect differences.

weber's law

must differ a minimum percentage.

cornea

protects and bends light to focus.

iris

colored part of the eye.

lens

bends light more to focus it on retina (called accommodations).

retina

records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses.

rods

receptor cells in retina that are sensitive to light.

cones

receptor cells in retina that allow color perception.

trichromatic theory

Helmholz; color perception produced by 3 cones (red, blue, green).

opponent-process theory

cells respond to complementary pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)

classical conditioning

link of two stimuli that help anticipate an event (Pavlov, 1897). Proceeds behavior.

operant conditioning

changing behavior choices in response to consequences (Skinner, 1937). follows behavior.

cognitive learning

acquired new behaviors and info mentally. (observing, talking).

observational learning

a person observes and imitates behavior (king, 2021).

learning factors - purposeful behaviors

goal drive, expectancy learning & info.

learning factors - insight

(Kohler, 1925) - problem solving; organism develops sudden insight of a problem's solution.

critical thinking

curious, skeptical, objective

exam 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)