EXAM 1

Question 1

Normal serum osmolality range, regulated by what?

Answer 1

280-295, the hypothalamus

Question 2

what are the compartments of fluid movement?

Answer 2

intracellular and extracellular fluid, extracellular encompasses transcellular comparments, interstitial fluids and intravascular fluids.

Question 3

What is a possibility that can happen when fluid in one compartment changes

Answer 3

Cascade of changes in other compartments.

Question 4

Hypovolemia is defined as

Answer 4

a decrease in fluids in the body to a deficit

Question 5

hypervolemia is defined as

Answer 5

fluid volume excess. too much IVF, Na and water.

Question 6

dehydration is defined as

Answer 6

a loss of pure water alone without corresponding loss of Na+.

Question 7

Hypertonic dehydration is defined as

Answer 7

total body water loss than exceeds the amount of Na lost.

Question 8

Hypotonic dehydration is defined as

Answer 8

amount of Na loss exceeds the water lost.

Question 9

hypernatremia is reached when sodium is.

Answer 9

above 145

Question 10

hyponatremia is reached when sodium is

Answer 10

below 135

Question 11

what are some ways fluids go between compartments? what happens in these examples?

Answer 11

osmosis - lower to higher concentration
diffusion- greater to lesser concentration
osmolality- concentration of a solutions, higher osmolality: higher solutes, lower osmolality: lower solutes.

Question 12

what is the major intracellular cation? normal range?

Answer 12

potassium- 3.5-5.0

Question 13

what is the major extracellular cation? normal range?

Answer 13

sodium- 135-145

Question 14

dehydration is defined as..

Answer 14

the loss of a pure water alone without corresponding loss of Na+.

Question 15

Signs and symptoms of Hypovolemic hyponatremia are? What are the Tx for these.

Answer 15

Na+ under 135. irritable, apprehension, confusion, dizzy, personality changes, tremors, seizures, coma, dry mucous membranes, hypotension, tachycardia, thready pulse, COLD CLAMMY SKIN
Tx: Isotonic sodium-containing solutions, oral intake, stop diuretics

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of Hypervolemic hyponatremia are? What are the Tx for these.

Answer 16

HA, apathy, confusion, muscle spasms, seizure, coma, N/V/D, cramps, weight gain, ↑BP
Tx: Fluid restriction, loop diuretics

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of Hypovolemic hypernatremia are? What are the Tx for these.

Answer 17

Hypovolemic: great than 145 Na+. Intense thirst, restless, agitated, seizure, coma, dry swollen tongue, sticky mucous membranes, postural hypotension, weight loss, tachycardia, weakness, ↓BP
Tx: isotonic sodium-containing solutions, ↑oral intake of H2O

Question 18

Signs and symptoms of Hypervolemic hypernatremia are? What are the Tx for these.

Answer 18

-Hypervolemic: Intense thirst, restless, agitated, twitching, seizures, coma, flushed skin, weight gain, pulmonary/peripheral edema, ↑BP
Tx: Isotonic IVF, diuretics, stop oral intake of Na

Question 19

what are the normal ranged for the electrolytes Na, Ca, Mg, K?

Answer 19

Na: 135-145
Ca: 9.0-10.5
Mg: 1.3-2.0
K: 3.5-5.0