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Pa of epidemiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

the study of disease among groups with focus on risk factors

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2
Q

what is a risk factor

A

something present in a population that increases their chance of disease

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3
Q

Morbidity

A

the presence of disease in a population

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4
Q

Mortality

A

cause & rates of death in a population as well as life expectancy

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5
Q

what do rates do

A

helps us quantify how often a disease occurs in a population

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6
Q

what are incidence rates

A

a measurement of how many healthy people die in a population over a given time period

example: CHD 125 causes/ 1000 men 55-64

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7
Q

what is a mortality rate

A

a measurement of how many people die in a population over a given time period

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8
Q

what is a prevalence rate

A

a measurement of how many people have a specific disease or behavior at a particular point in time

example: 23.7% of adults get no leisure activity

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9
Q

what is risk difference?

A

attributable risk; is an estimate of the risk attributed to a risk factor

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10
Q

what is relative risk?

A

Ratio of the exposed group ( sedentary) to the risk in the unexposed group (active)

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11
Q

What is attributable risk?

A

The amount of disease burden in population that results from a potentially modifiable risk factor

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12
Q

What are Crude rates

A

they are based on total population
cases / population

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13
Q

what are specific rates?

A

Based specifically to a population characteristic
cases in female / female population

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14
Q

What is a standardized rates?

A

Based on age or gender
cases /population adjusted for age/gender

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15
Q

what is a age adjusted rate?

A

standardized rates by age

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16
Q

what is the independent variable in this class

A

physical activity

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17
Q

what is the dependent variable in this class?

A

Medical condition

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18
Q

What is the cross-sectional research design?

A

it measures risk factors & diseases simultaneously ( no time )`

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19
Q

What is the case-control study design?

A

compares people with a disease ( cases ) against people without the disease (controls )
matched by:
age
gender
race etc..

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20
Q

What is the prospective cohort design?

A

a type of observational study focused on following a group of people (called a cohort) over a period of time, collecting data on their exposure to a factor of interest.

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21
Q

what is the randomized control trial?

A

clinical trial
Randomly assigned either an experimental or control condition

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22
Q

(Mills canons)
what is the temporal sequence between inactivity and disease

A

pa is before disease

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23
Q

( Mills Canon)
what is the strength of association between Pa and disease

A

long and clinically measured

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24
Q

( mill Canon)
what is consistency

A

Association across studies

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25
Q

( Mills Canon )
Base response between pa and disease risk

A

Disease risk increase with stronger exposure to risk

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26
Q

( Mills Canon)
What is the biological plausibility

A

explains how pa affects disease risk

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27
Q

What is confounding?

A

distortion of causal association by other factors

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28
Q

Who is John Snow

A

The Father of Epidemiology
- 1854 pump handle: traced chlorate back to the well

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29
Q

Focus of Epidemiology

A
  1. Measure disease frequency
  2. assess distribution of disease
  3. Form hypothesis including causal and preventable factors
30
Q

What document contains the 10 Year national objectives for PA

A

Healthy people 2020

31
Q

What were limitations of early PA and disease studies

A

Energy expenditure can differ widely in same job - may not measure leisure time
did not adjust for cofounders such as diet or genetics

32
Q

What documentation contains the policy details about national pa and health

A

National physical activity plan 2010

33
Q

Jeremy Morris

A

conducted the first study of pa epi
-London bus study

34
Q

London bus study

A
  • Prospective Cohort Study

Compared rates of coronary disease between drivers & conductors

35
Q

NHANES

A

National health and Nutrition examination survey
- questionnaire are looking at health by population

36
Q

BRFSS

A

Behavioral risk factor surveillance
- phone calls given to random people with in the population

37
Q

Ralph Paffenbarger

A

San fran longshoreman study, began in 1951 as a population based examination of CHD in men who preformed strenuous, moderate, light task working

38
Q

Rod dishman

A

From UGA and named to national committee that helped create the 2008 PA guidelines for Americans

39
Q

Steven Blair

A

Aerobics center longitudinal study
ongoing how diet and pa factors affect mortality and disease risk

40
Q

Frank speizer

A

Nurse Health Study (Harvard and womens Hospital )
- longest running cohort study of women
- studied the association between oral contraceptives, cigarettes smoking and risk of chronic disease

41
Q

Walter Willet

A

Health professional studies
- he started many follow up studies with male health professionals after the nurses health study

42
Q

First government released pa guidelines

A

2008 aerobic pa guidelines for adults

43
Q

Odds ratio

A

calculated from prevalence
study: cross sectional and randomized

44
Q

Effect modification

A
  • a situation in which two or more risk factors modify one another’s effects on an outcome
45
Q

What statistics related to risk factor and disease found in a 2 X 2 table can we compute?

A

incidence rates, AR, RR, PAR, and OR

46
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Compares the likelihood of an event between two groups

47
Q

How do we interpret RR (risk ratio) and OR (odds ratio)?

A

If risk of disease is the same in groups exposed and unexposed → RR & OR = 1.0 As the impact of the risk factor increases → the relative risk increases Use the 95% confidence interval → makes RR or OR meaningful (1.0 cannot fall between values

48
Q

How is PA different from exercise?

A

Physical activity- any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in energy expenditure * Exercise- planned physical activity that is used for fitness and health purposes

49
Q

four domains

A

Frequency
intensity
type
time

50
Q

Indirect calorimetery

A

estimating energy expenditure from oxygen consumption and CO2 production by applying the caloric equivalent of oxygen
5kcal per liter of O2 consumed

51
Q

Doubly labeled water

A

ingestion of water w/ 2 stable isotopes of single H and O best overall measure of total EE
- accurate but very expensive
- TEE only

52
Q

Direct observation

A

Yields useful pa data
used
- frequently w/ studies on children
- Extensive amounts of time needed

53
Q

Heart rate monitors

A
  1. objective but indirect method
  2. linear relationship between HR and EE
  3. Can provided estimates of EE
  4. Influential factors
  5. Hr lags behind changes in movement and intensity
54
Q

Pedometers

A
  • cost - effective
  • measures volumes of physical activity
55
Q

Accelerometers

A

Monitors movement in a specific plane - measures freq and intensity

56
Q

BRFSS

A

Telephone interview - adults only
annual collection of data

57
Q

NHIS

A

Personal interview - adult and children

annual collection of data

58
Q

NHANES

A

Interview examination
collect data for 2+ years

59
Q

YRBSS

A

School based survey
high school students
collected data every 2 years

60
Q

within the us what region has the highest rates for preventable deaths

A

southeast

61
Q

key factors that drive premature death according to 210 data

A

poor diet
lack of exercise

62
Q

Harvard alumni study

A

LTPA and risk of all cause mortality

63
Q

What is MET

A

metabolic equivalent
- the energy expenditure in kilocalories

64
Q

Met to intensity

A

1.0 → sleep/rest *3.3 → moderate *6.0 → vigorous

65
Q

current pa guidelines for health in the U.S

A

150 minutes moderate aerobic PA > 3 mets

66
Q

Absolute intensity for measuring PA

A

work rate expressed as an absolute value that is the same for all people

67
Q

relative intensity for measuring pa

A

work rate in relation to maximal intensity, aerobic capacity or workload

68
Q

what is the life expectancy of the u.s and how does it compare to other developed countries

A

men 75.6
women 80.8
we are among the lowest

69
Q

what are the leading causes of mortality in the us

A

heart disease
cancer
cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

70
Q
A

Pa of epidemiology (1 decks)

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