Exam 1 Flashcards
Where products come from
Anatomy
How tissues, cells, etc. function
Biology
What process are happening and when? Biochemical changes
Chemical
Risks of hazards
Food safety
Sensory acceptance (sight, taste, etc.)
Food Quality
Impact on health (how good is it for you)
Wholesomeness
Inedible materials that makes into food causing choking hazards
Physical Hazards
Examples of physical hazards
wood, glass, metal
How are the symptoms for physical hazards
Immediate symptoms
Cleaning solutions, drugs residues (antibiotics), allergens
Chemical Hazards
Name the Big 9 Allergens
Peanuts
Soybeans
Tree Nuts
Wheat
Eggs
Fish
Milk
Shellfish
Sesame
How are the symptoms for chemical hazards
Symptoms are very quick/immediate
Bacteria, Virus, Parasite, Fungi, Prions
Biological hazards
How are the symptoms for biological hazards
Symptoms generally range from 6 - 24 hours
What are the types of bacteria
Spoilage and Pathogenic
Reduces quality (make food go bad)
Spoilage bacteria
Disease causing
Pathogenic
Cell causing illness
Infection
Toxins produced by bacteria which causes illness (very fast reaction but short lived)
Intoxication
T or F: All you need is one bacteria to spread. What is it called?
1 → 2 → 4 → 8 millions
True, replicate by binary fission
What is the unit to measure bacteria?
Colony forming unit (CFU)
1 CFU equals to how many bacteria?
1 bacteria
How many CFU to cause disease
around 1 million
What is E. Coli O157:H7
A bacteria that only requires less than 10 to cause disease
What are the phases of bacterial growth?
Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
What is the phase where one cell becomes two, keeps multiplyings
Lag phase
What is the phase where there is around millions cells
Log phase
What is the phase where there is equal number of created to equal number of death
Stationary phase
What is the phase where there is more dying
Death phase
What is the phase we want to extend?
Lag phase
How do we extend lag time? What does it stand for?
FATTOM
F - food
A - acid (pH)
T - temperature
T - time
O - oxygen
M - moisture
Animals products that are excellent source of nutrients is called what?
Food
What is the most favorable pH for pathogens
pH - 4.6 - 7.0
What is the pH of meat
around 5.6
What is the pH of milk
around 6.6
What is the pH of cheese
around 5.1 to 5.9
What are psychrotrophs? What are some example
Can grow in cold (32 - 100F) but prefer 98F
Example: Listeria monocytogenes
What are mesophiles?
Can grow in moderate temperature, not too cold not too warm
99% of pathogens are control with what?
refrigeration
What is the danger zone?
40 - 140F
What is termotrophs? What is an example
Can grow at temp > 110F
Example: Ecoli 0157:H7
How long does it take for bacteria to replicate to 1 million?
4 hours
What is aerobic? What is the percentage
oxygen present (18% O2)
What is anaerobic?
Does not need oxygen (O2 lethal)
What is facultative anaerobic?
Can grow with or without oxygen
What is the measure of water activity?
Aw
What is moisture?
The water that is available for microbes to use
Is amount of water and availability of water the same thing?
No it is not, water availability is water activity
What can we control?
Time and Temperature
What can processing procedure change?
Acid, moisture and oxygen
Why are muscle and milk of healthy animals sterile?
The skin/hide
Immune system
Wall of the GI tract
How does contamination occur?
Fecal, hide, hair, GI, feather contamination
What are ways to control food borne illness? (8 things)
Refrigeration
Proper cooking (140F)
Proper hot holding
Proper cooling
Proper thawing
Proper reheating
Hygiene
Avoid cross contamination
What are the 3 ways to thawing?
Refrigerator
Cold water
Microwave
What are the 3 ways to ensure food safety?
Keep it out (sanitation)
Control once present (time and temp)
Keep it from coming back (cross contamination)
Evidence of food inspection dates thousands of years. What are the 4 people?
Egyptians, Israelites, Romans and Greeks
What is the Focus on spirituality?
Purity of the animals/food
Kosher and Halal
Fraud and Commerce is in what law?
Secular Laws
When was the slaughter inspection passed?
1890s
Who wrote The Jungle and what did it do?
Upton Sinclair, pass the meat inspection act
What year did the Humane Slaughter Act was passed? What is this act? What are the exception?
1958, Animals must be rendered insensible, Except religion slaughter (kosher and halal)
What year did the Wholesome Meat Act was passed? What is it?
1967, provision to have state inspection
What year did the seafood inspection is passed?
1991
What year did the Nutrition Labeling/Safe Handling Labels is passed?
1994
What year did Hazard Analysis Critical Control points (HACCP) is passed?
1997 - 2000
What is consisted in the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Food and Nutrition Service
What is consisted in the US Department of Health and Human Service?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
What does the FSIS do?
Public Health
Regulates meat, poultry and egg
What does the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service do?
Animal Welfare
What does the Food and Nutrition Service do?
Education and Assistance with Health
What does the Food in FDA do?
Labeling of products
Safety of food products such as fruits, seafood, canned food and game food
Except meat, poultry and eggs
What does the Drugs in FDA do?
Human and veterinarian pharmaceutical
Who is pesticides shared with?
Shared with FDA, USDA, and EPA
What are the major component of Animal Products (3)
Water
Fat
Protein
What compound is water? Explain
Polar compound, bounds to positive and negative charges
Does the amount of water equal to availability of water
No, availability of water is water activity
What happens when water binds to protein?
Forms a firm/thick structure
What is fat made up
Tissue made up of fat cells
What are fat cells filled with?
Lipids/fatty acids
Fats can be what?
Saturated and unsaturated
What does saturated and unsaturated fat determine
Determines firmness and color
What is hydrophobic
water hating
What is a Saturated Fatty Acids
No double bonds in the side chains
What is saturated like at room temperature
solid at room temperature, due them stack on top of each other
What is saturated meat like?
Good particle definition and firm bellies
What is saturated dairy like?
Firm butter
What is oxidation like saturated fat
Less subject to oxidation causing a less rancid flavor
What is an Unsaturated Fatty Acids?
At least one or more double bonds in its side chain?
What is cis?
Cis is on the same side, highly unsaturated
What is trans?
Trans is on the opposite side
What is formed from the double bonds?
Cis and Trans
What is unsaturated fat like at room temperature?
Liquid at room temperature
What is unsaturated meat like?
Soft and Oily
Fat smearing and soft bellies
What is unsaturated dairy like?
Soft butter
What is oxidation like for unsaturated fat?
More susceptible oxidation = more rancid flavor
What makes up an amino acid?
Amino
Carboxyl Functional Group
Side Chain
Which are the good fat; cis or trans
Cis fat
What determines a protein shape and function
- Present
- Order
- Charges
- Connections/bonds
Is protein hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
both
What is denaturation?
protein changing its shape
What causes denaturation
pH changes (mild changes)
Something binding to that protein
What is degradation
protein breaking downs
What causes degradation?
Heat
Enzymes
Extreme pH changes
What changes the functionality of the protein
Denaturation and Degradation
What are the 3 types of water interactions
Bound water
Immobilized water
Free water
Rank the types of water from strongest to weakest
Bound Water (strongest)
Immobilized Water
Free water (weakest)
which water types keeps product juicy
Bound and immobilized
What is Isoelectric point (IsE)
pH when the total charge is 0
What happens if you move towards IsE
Not good because there are no charges this causes Proteins react/bond with each other and not to water
What is emulsions?
Mixture of 2 immiscible liquids (fats and waters)
What is an emulsifying agent
Has affinity for both the water and the fat
What is a good emulsifying agent
Protein
What is meat
Animal tissues that are suitable for use as food
Mostly skeletal
What are the the categories for meat
Red meat
Poultry
Seafoods
Game
What are some example of red meat
Pork, lamb, beef, rabbit,etc.
What are some example of poultry
Domestic birds such as turkey, duck, chicken and goose
What are some example of Seafoods
Fish, shellfish
What are game meat
non- domesticated animal
What are the composition of meat
75% water
18.5% protein
3% fat
1% carbs
1% inorganic material
What fat protects the organs, such as the Kidney, Pelvic, and Heart
Internal/Visceral Fats
What fat is under the skin and back fat
Subcutaneous fat
What fat is between the muscles, seam fat
Intermuscular fat
What fat is between the muscle bundles (within the muscle itself), marbling
Intramuscular fat
What are the types of muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
How many nuclei?
Striated?
Voluntary/Invonlutary
Multiple
Yes
Voluntary
Smooth
How many nuclei?
Striated?
Voluntary/Invonlutary
1 center
No
Invon
Cardiac
How many nuclei?
Striated?
Voluntary/Invonlutary
2
Both
Invol
What muscle is most important for tissue of meat
Skeletal muscle
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle
Movement
Ex: locomotion, digestion vision
What is the secondary function of skeletal muscle
Maintain body heat
Contraction 20 - 25% efficient
Remain 75% - 80% is heat
What is the Muscle Organization in order
Whole muscles
Muscles bundled
Muscle fiber (cells, myofiber or myocyte)
Myofibril
Sarcomere
What is the whole muscles surrounded by?
Epimysium
What is the muscle bundled surrounded by
Perimysium
What is the muscle fiber surrounded by
Endomysium
What is the myofibril surrounded by
Sarcolemma
Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium are good what tissue, what do they do?
They are connective tissue sheets
good for support and toughness
What are at the ends, where the thin filaments attach
Z disc
What 3 major protein make up the thin filaments
- Actin
- Tropomyosin
- Troponin Complex
What is the thick filaments
- In the middle of the sarcomere, Grabs the actin on the thin filament and pulls it towards in the middle
what is the main protein of the thick filament
Myosin
Does the length of filaments change when muscle contract
No, they overlap
In order for muscle contract, what must occur in the thin filaments, why
Needs Calcium ion (Ca++), binding site on actin
In order for muscle contract, what must occur in the thick filaments, why
Needs ATP, allow myosin to attach to actin
What are the 2 types of muscle growth
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
What is hyperplasia, when does it occur
increasing the amount of muscle cells
Prior to birth
What is hypertrophy, when does it occur
Increasing muscle cells size (diameter)
After birth
What are the types of muscle fiber
Red fiber and White Fiber
What is the difference between red and white fiber
Difference in myosin
Red is slower
White is faster
What is meat protein IsE
5.0 - 5.2 pH
What is milk protein IsE
4.5 pH
What is anaerobic metabolism also called
Glycolytic
Does anaerobic metabolism require oxygen
No
What is aerobic metabolism also called
Oxidative
Does aerobic metabolism require oxygen
yes
What is the function of anaerobic metabolism
Produce ATP and lactic acid
Is anaerobic metabolism fast or slow
fast
What is the function of aerobic metabolism
Metabolizes lactic acid to produce ATP
Is aerobic metabolism fast or slow
slow
What is the type of metabolism for Red Meat
Oxidative
What is the type of metabolism for White Meat
Glycolytic
Which has more myoglobin red or white meat?
Red meat
Which has a higher fiber diameter red or white meat?
White meat
Which has a fast speed of contraction red or white mear
White meat
Which has a higher fatigue resistance red or white meat
Red meat
Which has a bigger mitochondria size red or white meat
Red meat
Most muscle are what
Heterogenous
Cutaneous trunci is 100% what meat
white meat
Masseter or the jaw is 100% what meat?
red meat
What determines the muscle fiber type? (3)
- Species
- Function/Location
- use or training
Supportive muscles are more what meat?
white meat
Locomotive muscles are more what meat?
red meat
What meat is game meat?
red meat