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bio 181 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.

A

True

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2
Q

In Cell Biology what can limit the progress of science?

A

Technology

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3
Q

The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.

A

False

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4
Q

In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used?

A

Technology

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5
Q

Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference from the list below.

A

Division of labor

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6
Q

The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.

A

True

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7
Q

Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.

A

An individual cells complexity is limited by several factors. Firstly the cells size must remain within a certain range to efficiently exchange nutrients and waste, which constrains the amount of internal structures it can accommodate. Additionally, a cells complexity is influenced by its specific function; cells adapt to perform their designated tasks efficiently, limiting their development to what’s necessity. Genetic factors also play a role, as a cells DNA contains instructions for its structure and function. Evolutionary pressures further shape cell complicity, factoring changes that enhance survival and reproduction while constraining unnecessary complexity.

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8
Q

What 3 things entail A single-celled eukaryotic organism:

A

Has a limited number of biomolecular machines.

Must find food, shelter, a mate and reproduce

Escape from predators

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9
Q

Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food”

A

Lymphocyte

Macrophage

Fibroblast
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10
Q

What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?

A

The limitations on paramecium’s complexity stem from their size, ecological specialization, and evolutionary pressures that prioritize traits relevant to their survival and reproduction within their niche

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11
Q

In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA.

A

False

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12
Q

The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:

A

Kidney

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13
Q

A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture. List these four things.

A
  1. Cell membrane (plasma Membrane)
    1. Genetic Material (DNA or RNA)
    2. Metabolic Machinery
  2. Reproduction Capability
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14
Q

Why is it important to know the limitations of technology?

A

to see where our advantages are versus where we need to improve to gather more information better

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15
Q

The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope.

A

False

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16
Q

TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied

A

True

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17
Q

Finish the sentence based on my lectures: The association of ribosomes with _________________ invaginations would support the ______________ theory.

A

Membrane
Endosymbiotic

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18
Q

Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.

A

True

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19
Q

The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super-glue.

A

True

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20
Q

DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

A

False

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21
Q

Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.

A

True

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22
Q

The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

A

True

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23
Q

When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.

A

True

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24
Q

Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.

A

True

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25
Q

A normal cell is ____________and _________________for growth.

A

Regulated and controlled

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26
Q

List one limitation of the cell culture technique.

A

They may not fully replicate the complex physiological conditions and interactions that occur within a living organism. In vitro cell cultures often lack 3D structure and intricate cell-cell and cell-environment interactions found in vivo, which can limit the accuracy of experimental results and the ability to model certain biological processes accurately

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27
Q

The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen.

A

True

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28
Q

The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.

A

True

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29
Q

After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is (pick the best order):

A

Filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber.

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30
Q

Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because:

A

It allowed them to move away from predators and towards food.

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31
Q

Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.

A

True

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32
Q

In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule.

A

False

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33
Q

What limits how big a cell can be?

A

The surface area to volume ratio

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34
Q

It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.

A

True

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35
Q

A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.

A

True

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36
Q

A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.

A

False

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37
Q

A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.

A

True

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38
Q

The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.

A

False

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39
Q

A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

A

False

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40
Q

Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.

A

Vesicles transport molecules from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane via exocytosis

41
Q

If something is soluble in water and a shell of hydration forms around it, it is termed ___________________ .

A

hydrophilic

42
Q

Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups?

A

Essential and non-essential amino acids

43
Q

The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:

A

lipid synthesis, lipid transport within the cell, uptake from external sources, recycling of internal lipids

44
Q

We are made up of ______ percent water.

A

60%

45
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to let components move down their concentration gradient.

A

True

46
Q

It is a simple matter (i.e., thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

False

47
Q

What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?

A

endocytosis

48
Q

Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and vesicles.

A

Endosymbiosis, one prokaryotic cell engulfed another leading to a symbiotic relationship

49
Q

What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?

A

The number of times that they span the cell membrane. Single pass proteins have one transmembrane domain while 7 pass proteins have seven transmembrane domains. This structural difference reflects their distinct functions in cellular signaling, with a single pass proteins often involved in specific ligand binding and transport, and 7pass proteins mainly serving as receptors for signal transduction

50
Q

Active transport uses ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate {cell energy currency}) to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.

A

False

51
Q

Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria.

A

endosymbiosis of an ancestral aerobic bacterium within an early eukaryotic cell.

52
Q

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

A

Triglycerides are used for energy storage within the cell that have glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. Phospholipids form a bilayer in the cell membrane and acts as a barrier to their external environment

53
Q

Draw a phospholipid and make sure the numbers of carbons are clearly identified.

A

R
l
O
l
P
l
O
l
CH2-CH-CH2
l l
O O
l l
C=O C= O
——————————–
fatty acid chains
< >
> <
< >
> <
< >————–unsaturated fatty acids

54
Q

Cholesterol is _____ to have in biological membranes.

A

present

55
Q

The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

A

True

56
Q

For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane:

A

A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence.

57
Q

What are the two functions of a membrane?

A

Selective Permeability
Compartmentalization

58
Q

When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are:

A

Ligands that become the part of the plasma membrane.

Ligands that are used in cell communication.

59
Q

Where is the histone H1 found?

A

In the Nucleosome core, where the H1 is acting as sort of a staple.

60
Q

Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell’s ___ and the microtubules are present in the cell’s .

A

cortex

61
Q

To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.

A

True

62
Q

Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems?

A

Microtubules and actin filaments

63
Q

Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei.

A

False

64
Q

The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.

A

False

65
Q

Which cytoskeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?

A

Nuclear lamina

66
Q

What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e., the basket ball like structure on the slides)?

A

Histone octamer, DNA, Histone H1

67
Q

Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

A

True

68
Q

The actin filament system is present in the nucleus.

A

False

69
Q

Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin.

A

False

70
Q

The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.

A

False

71
Q

Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments.

A

False

72
Q

Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors.

A

True

73
Q

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called ____________ communication.

A

endocrine

74
Q

When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses ____________.

A

Tyrosine phosphorylation

75
Q

There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the ____________ ____________ (two words).

A

Plasma membrane

76
Q

There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called ____________ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called _________ communication and it takes minutes to hours to act.

A

endocrine
paracrine

77
Q

The other point where MAPK can become active is ____________ of the cell cycle.

A

G1 phase

78
Q

There is communication between cells and communication ____________ cells.

A

within

79
Q

There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses ____________ and the other uses ____________.

A

chemical signaling
electrical signaling

80
Q

Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are ____________ and ____________.

A

cyclic AMP
Calcium Ions

81
Q

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called ____________ communication.

A

paracrine

82
Q

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ____________ ____________(two words). If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the ____________ ____________(two words).

A

cell cycle
G1 phase

83
Q

When a cell “talks to itself” it is called ____________ communication.

A

autocrine

84
Q

The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.

A

True

85
Q

During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is “settled down”.

A

False

86
Q

The _________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to _________.

A

Mitotic spindle
separate

87
Q

Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

A

True

88
Q

The activation of both MPF and MAPK result in _________ _________ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

A

cytoskeletal reorganization

89
Q

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms. List them here.

A

Animal Cell cytokinesis: Cleavage to form a contractile ring

Plant Cell Cytokinesis: cleavage to form a structure called cell plate

90
Q

Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.

A

True

91
Q

After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase) an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.

A

True

92
Q

Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

A

True

93
Q

In the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.

A

False

94
Q

An important checkpoint regulator is at the Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a _________ _________ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into _________.

A

protein kinase
chromosomes

95
Q

List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle.

A

interphase, Mitotic phase, cytokinesis

96
Q

In your body not all cells go through the cell cycle.

A

True

97
Q

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.

A

True

98
Q

Gap1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.

A

True

bio 181 (2 decks)

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