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Psychology 3313 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stereotaxic Surgery

A

Brain surgeries are not free-hand. Done overtop the head with machinery, tools, knobs

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2
Q

Lesion

A

Any abnormal damage or change in tissue

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3
Q

Cannulation

A

Insert a specialized probe

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4
Q

INfusion

A

Put chemicals directly IN local brain region (testing one area)

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5
Q

Ablation

A

Removal of tissue

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6
Q

Microdialysis

A

Measure neurotransmitter output from local brain region

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7
Q

Electrodes can…

A

record activity or stimulate activity in small regions

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8
Q

Sham surgery

A

No manipulation of tissue

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9
Q

Lesion Methods

A

Accidental (case studies) or purposeful (experimental)
Electrical (electrodes inserted), Chemical, Mechanical
Can be permanent or temporary

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10
Q

Histology

A

Microanatomy of cells (brain slicing)
Sliced thin

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11
Q

Staining Techniques

A

Golgi Silver Stain = random single cells, can see dendritic spines, shows complete cell
Nissl Stain = cell bodies, dark spots are rough ER in cell nucleus, identifies grey matter
Myelin Stain = stains the fatty MYELIN sheath, axon/fiber tracts (dark coloring), cell bodies/dendrites (light coloring), looks like layers
Brainbow = multicolor labeling of neuronal circuits with fluorescent proteins and chemical tags (tracks cells better than golgi), connectomics (can map the connections between neurons)

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Sudden change of the resting membrane potential in a neuron. Caused by the opening and closing of voltage gated ion channels. Allows transmission of electrical signals along the cell

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13
Q

Microelectrode in mice

A

Fine wire or glass electrodes implanted directly into the brain

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14
Q

Electrocorticogram (ECOG)

A

Electrodes are placed directly on the surface of the cortex (inside skull), records LFP’s and not AP’s

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15
Q

Local Field Potentials (LFP)

A

Slow, more sustained currents. Microelectrodes are implanted into the brain

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16
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Out of the skull, whole brain, measures aggregate graded potentials from lots of neurons (Not AP’s), use it for sleep disorders, epilepsy, consciousness
Desynchronous brain activity = alpha, beta, gamma frequencies. Independent action of neurons, correlated with alertness, faster waves, lower amplitude
Synchronous brain activity = theta, delta frequencies. Neurons firing in unison, correlated with deeper sleep, slower waves, higher amplitude
Records sum total of extracellular post-synaptic potentials

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17
Q

Advantages of EEG

A

Fast, safe, non-invasive, affordable, portable

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18
Q

Disadvantages of EEG

A

Poor signal localization (don’t know where the signals are coming from), signal noise

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19
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Neurons’ electric activity also magnetic, improved localization over EEG, SQUID sensor that has north and south poles telling us where signals are coming from (detects magnetic field of current)

20
Q

Advantages of MEG

A

Non-invasive, improved spatial resolution over EEG, fast temporal resolution

21
Q

Disadvantages of MEG

A

Very large machine, requires helium, very expensive

22
Q

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT scan)

A

Combines X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues
Risk: some exposure to radiation

23
Q

Advantages of CT or CAT scan

A

Accessible, good for diagnosis, less claustrophobic, quick scan

24
Q

Disadvantages of CT or CAT scan

A

Not best image quality, not often used in research, some exposure to radiation

25
Q

Advantages of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Very good still image quality (better than CT or CAT scan), no radiation exposure

26
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A

Long scan time, more expensive, more claustrophobic

27
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

“How are parts of the brain connected to each other?”
Uses same machine as MRI
Uses diffusion of water along axons to map white matter tracts throughout brain

28
Q

Phrenology

A

Bumps/depression on the outer surface of the skull were inaccurately linked to traits
But led us to discover Localization and how the brain is separated into multiple parts

29
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Molecules tagged with radioactive isotope and injected to bloodstream
Tracer shows typical and atypical metabolic activity

30
Q

Advantages of PET scan

A

Useful for identifying cancerous tissue, can create radioactive tags attached to many different molecules, images changing brain metabolism over time

31
Q

Disadvantages of PET scan

A

Not much structural detail, radioactive isotope exposure

32
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Changes in blood flow and blood oxygenation closely linked to neural activity
Ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin determines areas of brain activation
BOLD response = Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
MEASURING CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW

33
Q

fMRI Mechanism

A

Neurons activate and use more glucose and oxygen
When an area of the brain is more active it calls for more blood flow to supply glucose and oxygen
Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow “HEMODYNAMIC”
Brain area deactivates
Blood vessel returns to normal

34
Q

Factors that can affect fMRI BOLD signals

A

Neural activity, blood flow, oxygen metabolism, magnetic field strength

35
Q

fMRI uses voxels

A

voxel = 3D pixels, which limits spatial resolution

36
Q

Advantages of fMRI

A

Great image quality with function over time, safe

37
Q

Disadvantages of fMRI

A

Expensive, long scan time, claustrophobic, limited temporal and spatial resolutions

38
Q

CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

NEW CHAPTER

39
Q

Neurons

A

Primary FUNCTIONING cells of the CNS, basic working unit of the brain, specializes in information processing and communication

40
Q

Glia

A

Primary SUPPORTING cells of the CNS, macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Ependymal cells), microglia

41
Q

Dendrites

A

RECEIVE chemical messages from other cells, conduct post-synaptic potentials toward cell body
RECEIVES thousands of inputs (allows cell to receive messages)
Group of dendrites on one cell = arborization

42
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

Small protrusion that RECEIVES input from a single axon
Sensitive to type and amount of synaptic activity
Shows plasticity (change over time)

43
Q

The Cell Body (Soma)

A

Contains nucleus and organelles, genetic information
Provides metabolic (energy) and synthetic (protein) support
Acts to “gate” information flow to and from other neurons
RECEIVES and integrates signals from many sources of input

44
Q

Axon

A

Conducts electrical signals called ACTION POTENTIALS
Only 1 axon vs many dendrites
Often has myelin sheath
Ends in axon terminal which releases neurotransmitter

45
Q

Myelin Sheath (insulates axons)

A

Fatty insulation made by glial cells (oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells)
Gaps between myelination are called Nodes of Ranvier- allows signal to jump from node to node
Myelinated neurons are always faster than unmyelinated

46
Q
A

Psychology 3313 (1 decks)

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