exam 1 Flashcards
systematic study of the relationships between individual and society and of the consequences of differences
sociology
application of imagination thought to the asking and answering sociological questions
sociological imagination
underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave in their relationship with one another. example education, religion
social structure
idea or practice that a group of people agree exists. example assuming race
social construction
social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve distinct sense of self
socialization
herbert spencer
argued that you work for what you get
aspects of social life that shape our actions as state assistance individuals
social facts
social cohesion based on shared expressions, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, minimal change
mechanical solidarity
social cohesion based on mutual interdependence on the context of extreme division of labor
organic solidarity
conditioning influence on our behavior of groups and societies of which are members
social constrant
situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. covid 19 and masks
anomie
karl Marx
economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, invested in reinvested in order to produce profit
capitalism
Max Weber
process by which modes of precise calculation and organization involving abstract rules and procedure
rationalism
social, economic and cultural life was becoming organized according to principles of efficiency
rationalization of society
organization marked by clear hierarchy of authority and existence of written rules of produce and staffed by full-time salaried officials
bureaucracy
translated auguste book to english
harriet martineau
W.E.B. Du Bois
argued Marx with social inequality
african americans see themselves both through their own eyes of society that demeans them
double consciousness
not a wall, but thin porus material through which we can see each other but we cannot pass through
veil
study of exchange of info through symbols and language that takes place in social interaction
symbolic interactionism
george herbert mead
argued we developed pur sense of self based on clues
social events can best be explained in terms of functions they perform
functionalism
functions of a type of social activity that are known to be intended by individuals involved in the activity. getting a degree
manifest functions
functional consequences that arent intended ot recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur
latent functions
people who possess the most power are people who most political economic and social resources
conflict theory
conflict is a normal feature of society
marxism
ability of individuals or members of a group to achieve aims or further the interest they hold
power
shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups
ideologies
uses critical/ conflict theory to examine society through the lens of race, law, and power
critical rare theory
gender, race, and social class overlap to create complex systems of social inequality
intersectionality
study of large scale groups
macrosocoilogy
study of intermediate social forces such as smaller scale groups
mesosociology
study of human behavior in context of face to face interaction
microsociology
socially approved sexual relationships between 2 individuals
marriage
physical objects that a society creates that influence people live
material culture
nonphysical components of culture
nonmaterial culture
ideas held by individuals or groups about what’s desirable proper good or bad
values
rules of content that specify appropriate behavior in a given
norms
norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raises comparatively little concern
folkways
norms governing devient behavior. social disgust
taboos
norms deemed necessary for welfare of society
mores
formal norms deemed so necessary that they’re are codified and enforced by law
laws
sociology recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the of culture in daily life
cultural turn
subsistence derives from rearing of domesticated animals
postural societies
means of subsistence are based on crop production
agrarian societies
particular types of states, characteristic of the modern world
nation-states
society whose economic system is engaged primarily in processing and control info
postindustrial societies
accumulated cultural knowledge within a society that confers power and status
cultural capital
who you know
social capital
segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values differs from the pattern of the larger society. goth music
subsulture
subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. hippies
counterculture
specialized language used by members of a group or subculture. keeps people out. animme
argot
when members of one cultural group borrow element of another groups culture
cultural appropriation
majority group and minority group combine to form a new group. melting pot
acculturation
acceptance of minority group by majority population in which new group takes on values and norms of dominant culture
assimilation
ethnic groups exist seperately equally in economic and political life
multiculturalism
tendency to look other cultures through eyes of one cultures. judging others by standards
ethnocentrism
practice of judging a society by its own standards
cultural relativism
genes we inherit determine outcomes
nature
attempts to explain behavior of both animals and humans in terms of biological principles
sociobiology
find patterns of behavior that have genetic origins and that appear normal animals within a given species
instincts
our density is primarily shaped by social influences
nurture
set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with national community
nationalism
various transitions and stages people experience during their lives
life course
socialization from infancy to early childhood
primarily socialization
socialization from teenage through adult life
secondary socialization
process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization
social reproduction
process where people learn new rules and norms upon entering a social world
resocilaization
simulative socialization exercise that we utilize to prepare is for life events. parenting classes
anticipatory socialization
groups of social contexts within which process of socialization takes place
agents of socialization
informal values and expectations that influence other social factors
hidden curriculum
friendship group made up of individuals of same age or social status
peer groups
socially defined expectations of an individual in given status or social position
social roles
characteristics that are attributed to individual by others
social identity
single identity or status that overpowers all other identities one holds
master status
human thought process involve perception, reasoning and remembering
cognition
basis of consciousness in human individuals
social self
socialized self that plans actions and judges
me
acting self
I
awareness of ones distinct social identity as a person seperate from others
self consciousness
individual who is most important on the development of the slef
significant other
attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society
generalized other
relations we elicit on social situations
looking glass self
jean piaget
sensory motor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage
gender differences center of possession or absense of penis
thoery of gender identity
social norms assigned to each sex
gender roles
learning of gender roles through social factors. schooling, media
gender role socialization
nancy chodrow and carol gilligan
verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and signficance of race
race socialization
