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PSYC 1101 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychology is the study of

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes (mind)

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2
Q

behavior

A

can be observed by others

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3
Q

mental processes

A

can’t be directly seen

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4
Q

William Wundt
-what year?

A

founded the first psychology laboratory, in Germany at University of Leipzig
-1879

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5
Q

William James

A

first American psychologist

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6
Q

structuralism (1880s)
-who
-goal

A

-Wilhelm Wundt
-goal: identify the most basic elements of psychological experience
-trained observers, aimed to be objective

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7
Q

functionalism (1880s)
-who, influenced by
-what it is

A

-William James, influenced by Darwin
-how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
-how are characteristics adaptive?
-focus on the whole of behavior, not the smaller concepts

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8
Q

psychoanalytic theory (1910s)
-who
-what it is

A

-Sigmund Freud
-unconscious experiences and childhood experiences have lasting influence
-found of psychoanalysis and major influence on early clinical psychology

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9
Q

behaviorism (1920s-40s)
-major figures
-what it is

A

-Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
-general laws of learning; only observable behavior is of interest

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10
Q

Mary Calkins

A

-like many women, was blocked from PhD and academia
-wrote a foundational textbook on animal behavior

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11
Q

Dr. Kenneth and Dr. Mamie Clark

A

-famous doll study
-children offered black and white dolls to play with would choose the white dolls most of the time
demonstrated internalized racism even in children of color
-influential for Brown v.s Board decision

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12
Q

current trends in psychology

A

-advances in brain imaging
-open science and data sharing
-administering tests via computer and to larger groups
-emphasis on genes as well as experience in shaping behavior

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13
Q

operational definition

A

defining our constructs

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14
Q

inter-rate reliability

A

having multiple observers

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15
Q

deductive reasoning

A

start with general premise and see if empirical observations match

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16
Q

inductive reasoning

A

start with observations about the world and develop theory from there

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17
Q

longitudinal research

A

follow the same people over some length of time

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18
Q

cross-sectional

A

compare different groups at the same time

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19
Q

correlational studies

A

-looks at how variables are related in everyday life
-variables are measured but not manipulated
-statistic: correlation coefficient (range from -1 to 0 to 1)
-“correlation does not equal causation”

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20
Q

experiment subjects require two things

A

random sample and random assignment

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21
Q

Tuskegee Study (1932-1872)

A

-ethical issue in research design
-African American men in rural Alabama with syphilis
-researchers never informed, or treated, the men (despite penicillin being available)
-merely studied course of disease
-men died, had related complications, infected others

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22
Q

ethics includes what?

A

-strict rules govern psychological research
-institutional review boards (IRB)
-informed consent
-right to withdraw
-rules about use of deception

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23
Q

human genetics: environment

A

all the non-biological factors that can impact development

24
Q

two types of cells in nervous system
-multiple sclerosis

A

-neurons: receive and transmit information
-glial cells: support functions
-multiple sclerosis: myelin sheath damaged

25
Q

action potential travels to ___

A

terminal buttons

26
Q

agonists v.s antagonists

A

agonist = mimic a NT
antagonist = block NT activity

27
Q

serotonin

A

-mood, appetite, sleep
-lowered levels linked to depression

28
Q

Phineas Gage

A

-injury completely changed his personality
-personality has a neural (physical) basis
-brain is a system and can recover from serious injury

29
Q

brain plasticity

A

the idea that our brain can rewire after injury, stroke, surgery

30
Q

PNS: somatic v.s autonomic

A

somatic = sensory and motor (voluntary)
autonomic = internal organs (involuntary)

31
Q

parts of brain
-cerebral cortex
-bumpy
-hemispheres
-lobes

A

-cerebral cortex: largest part of brain
-bumpy: gyri (folds) and sulci (grooves)
-hemispheres: control opposite side of body and connected by corpus callosum
-lobes: different specializations

32
Q

frontal lobe
-motor cortex
-broca’s area

A

frontal lobe: reasoning, motor control, language
-motor cortex: planning movement
-broca’s area: language production

33
Q

pariteal lobe
-somatosensory cortex

A

pariteal lobe: processing sensory information
-somatosensory cortex: processing touch, temperature, pain

34
Q

temporal lobe
-auditory cortex
-Wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe: hearing, memory, some language
-auditory cortex
-Wernicke’s area: speech comprehension

35
Q

forebrain: thalamus and limbic system
-thalamus
-limbic system
-hypothalamus
-amygdala
-hippocampus

A

-thalamus: sensory relay station
-limbic system: controls emotion and memory
-hypothalamus: regulator
-amygdala: emotion, plus emotional memory
-hippocampus: learning and memory (case study of H.M)

36
Q

hind brain structures and functions

A

-aka brainstem
-medulla, pons, cerebellum
-heart rate, breathing
-sleep, arousal
-coordination

37
Q

EEG

A

-brain waves
-measure of brain’s electrical activity
-has excellent time precision

38
Q

fMRI

A

-functional magnetic resonance imaging
-shows changes in brain activity by tracking bloodflow
-can compare activation patterns in those with disorders

39
Q

absolute threshold

A

-what it takes to detect a stimulus
-minimum amount of energy an organism can detect 50% of the time

40
Q

perception
-bottom up
-top down

A

-bottom up: putting together different parts of what we experience to make a conclusion
-top down: perceptions are affected by our expectations

41
Q

rods v.s cones

A

rods: detect movement and black and white
cones: detect color, need bright light

42
Q

binocular v.s monocular cues

A

-binocular: require two working eyes for binocular disparity
-monocular: size constancy, linear perspective

43
Q

Psyche

A

your mind and your deepest feelings and attitudes
Id, Ego, and Super- Ego

44
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

-rejected the analytical approach to the study of mental events and instead focused on the constructive nature of internal expertness

45
Q

APA

A

American Psychological Association

46
Q

forensic psychology

A

area of psychology that applies that science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

47
Q

developmental psychology

A

scientific study of development across a lifespan

48
Q

cognitive psychology

A

study of conditions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

49
Q

social/personality psychology

A

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

50
Q

theory

A

broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistency supported by evidence over time

51
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative explanation of a phenomenon
-should fit into context of theory

52
Q

PKU

A

Irreversible brain damage and marked intellectual disability beginning within the first few months of life.

53
Q

reticular formation

A

TEXTBOOK

54
Q

MRI

A

magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged

55
Q

substantia nigra

A

hb

56
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

dopamine

PSYC 1101 (1 decks)

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