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Evolutionary biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fossil

A

preserved evidence of life (impressions and mineralized remains)

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2
Q

Evolution

A

change in the properties of groups over generations

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3
Q

Cetaceans

A

marine mammals

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4
Q

Natural selection

A

organisms outcompete each other with survival and reproduction

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5
Q

Homologous

A

shared trait inherited from common ancestor

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6
Q

Analogous

A

shared trait derived from environmental factors, not common ancestor

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7
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared trait among a group of related species derived from common ancestor

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8
Q

Morphology

A

structure/form of organisms

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9
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary branching pattern

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10
Q

Whales and Fish

A

lineages evolved independently, but converged on analogous structures

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11
Q

Ambulocetus

A

fossil whale with legs and traits intermediate between terrestrial and aquatic

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12
Q

Viral reassortment

A

ability to swap genes with other viruses

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13
Q

When did whales evolve from land mammals

A

~50 MYA

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14
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

allows a virus to bind to the cells of its host

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15
Q

Is behavior a phenotype

A

yes

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16
Q

2 early questions about nature

A
  1. what were the patterns in diversity?
  2. how did they come to be?
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17
Q

Great Chain of Being

A

hierarchal system, lower to higher forms. 300 BC

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18
Q

Taxa

A

nestled hierarchy of groups

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19
Q

Linnean classification

A

taxonomy

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20
Q

Steno

A

founder of geology ( shark tooth on mountain)

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21
Q

Stratigraphy

A

study of rock layering

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22
Q

Paley

A

proposed that the mechanical complexity of organisms is evidence of the divine (watch on road example)

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23
Q

Buffon

A

life has changed over time; believed varieties, but not species, could evolve. Believed life could be divided into unrelated types

24
Q

Cuvier

A

discovered mastidons

25
Q

Hutton

A

very slowly changing earth

26
Q

Smith

A

first geological map of fossils and rock layers

27
Q

Lamarckism is used by

A

epigenetics

28
Q

Galapagos 1977 drought

A

small beaked finches died, avg beak size increased next generation

29
Q

1983 flood

A

large beaked finches died, decrease in beak size next generation

30
Q

Darwin

A

father of evolution, Galapagos finches, On the Origin of Species. Characteristics of lineages change over time. Common descent. Gradual change through intermediate forms. Natural selection.

31
Q

What set apart Darwin’s and Wallace’s concept of natural selection from other theories?

A

they thought change was very gradual

32
Q

Why are embryos useful in studying evolution?

A

some homologies are only evident when animals are embryos, and disappear when they develop

33
Q

Cenozoic

A

0-66 MYA

34
Q

Mesozoic

A

66-252 MYA

35
Q

Paleozoic

A

252-541 MYA

36
Q

Proterozoic

A

541-2500 MYA

37
Q

Archean

A

2400-4000 MYA

38
Q

T/F most organisms fossilize

A

false

39
Q

Melanosomes

A

help reconstruct color from fossils

40
Q

Lagerstatten

A

slow decay and preserve soft-bodied organisms

41
Q

Earliest evidence of life

A

~3.7 BYA (stromatolites - mats of bacteria; microbes)

42
Q

Signs of life

A

3.7-4.3 BYA

43
Q

Multicellularity

A

evolved independently in different lineages

44
Q

Earliest evidence of Multicellular life

A

2.1 BYA

45
Q

Earliest evidence of Animals

A

650 MYA

46
Q

Cambrian fauna

A

still existing lineages; 542-511 MYA

47
Q

Edicarian fauna

A

eradicated 535-575 MYA

48
Q

Earliest evidence of Chordates

A

515 MYA

49
Q

Earliest evidence of Terrestrial animals

A

428 MYA

50
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

used to date rocks

51
Q

Biomarkers

A

molecular evidence

52
Q

3 main branches of life

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

53
Q

Earliest evidence of humans

A

300,000 years

54
Q

What evidence did Darwin use to predict the age of Earth

A

observable processes, such as erosion and sedimentation. Predicted that Earth is 100s of MYA.

55
Q

How did the fossils of the Burgess Shale likely form

A

animals fell into anoxic ocean depths and were covered by fine sediment

56
Q

T/F animals are more closely related to single-celled eukaryotes than fungi

A

true

57
Q

Why is a notochord an important adaptation for understanding the evolution of humans?

A

it is a characteristic of chordates

Evolutionary biology (1 decks)

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