Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

316 EXAM 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ADPIE

A

Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Intervention
Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 Rights

A

Patient
Med
Dose
Time
Route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The 3 Check

A

CHECK DRUG with MAR when removing from storage

CHECK DRUG when prepping

CHECK DRUG against the eMAR at the bedside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sound Alike, Look Alike

A

Medications whose spellings or pronunciations are so similar they could be mistaken for one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How to avoid drug admin errors

A

Check 5 rights
3 checks
Check patient variables (age, sex)
Reading back orders
Don’t rush

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Polypharmacy

A

Multiple prescriptions, sometimes for the same condition, that have conflicting pharmacological actions

Avoid by: getting patient information from healthcare and documentation (med reconciliation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medication reconciliation

A

Checking what meds they are taking, so that there is one solid list and drugs dont interact in a way that could be harmful

Making sure patients know each med and how to take them and what not to take them with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

E-prescribing

A

Use of electronic Rx transferred directly from the MD to pharmacy

More reliable than paper prescriptions

Cant do this with narcotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Barcoding

A

Use of a barcode scanner to Identify the patient, the meds, and even the pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of how drug moves throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of a substance from site of administration across body membranes to circulation fluids

Determines how long before the drug shows it effect (onset)

Things that determine absorption rate:
- size
- form (liquids absorbed faster)
- lipid- soluble absorbed faster
- metabolism
- drug/drug or drug/food interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Distribution

A

The transport of pharmacological agents through the body

Things that influence distribution:
- blood flow
- lipid soluble drugs more easily distributed
- tissues can store drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

A group of tight junctions that keep the brains blood flow separate from the rest of the body

Sedatives, anti-anxiety (can pass)

Anti cancer drugs (cannot cross)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metabolism

A

“Biotransformation”
Changing the medication to a form more easily excreted by the body

LIVER!!! Primary organ for metabolism of drugs
Enzymes in liver can:
- inactivate drugs for easy excretion
- biotransform to result in more active medication

Could cause first pass effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

First pass effect

A

The medication may be rendered inactive as it goes through the liver

Oral will go to liver before it gets to the bloodstream (makes effects less reliable)

IV ensures that medication is sent straight to bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of drugs from the body

KIDNEY (primary organ for excretion)
Also lungs (anesthetics), bile (poop), and glands(saliva, sweat)

Water soluble drugs more easily excreted than lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Loading Dose

A

Usually a higher dose of the med given one time
- given to quickly achieve therapeutic level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Maintenance Dose

A

The daily dose that a patient will take as long as they are on the drug to keep plasma levels constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

The dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the drugs desired effects
Onset, peak, duration
- gives us the chance to see how often to give drug and how much to give

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Range between a drugs lethal dose and its effective dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Half-life

A

Length of time required for the plasma concentration of drug to decrease by one-half after administration
-helps determine time we need to give another dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Half life abbreviations

A

Qd (every day)
Qid (4 times a day)
Tid (3 times a day)
Bid (2 times a day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How does the medicine change the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Receptor drugs

A

A macromolecule (protein) to which a medication binds to produce an effect

Signals a reaction within the body or can block a reaction from happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that mimics the effect of an endogenous molecule
Partial agonist - produces a weaker response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that occupies the receptor and blocks the endogenous molecule action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lactating clients drug restrictions

A

Stay away from drugs that can enter the breast milk
- H2O soluble lower levels in BM
- Protein bound drugs bind to mom

Recommendations:
- give drugs w shorter half life
- use non-pharmacological alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Teratogen

A

An embryo or fetus is exposed to a substance, organism, or physical agent that can produce a permanent abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Children’s drug restrictions

A

Determined by child’s weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Older adults drug considerations

A

More likely to have polypharmacy
- drug/drug interactions
- side effects

Need more help administering drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Allergy

A

Patient should have allergy band
Not throwing up (thats a side effect)

33
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Life threatening allergies

34
Q

Adverse Recation

A

An undesired event

35
Q

Side effect

A

A known, unavoidable response to a med

36
Q

Generic name

A

There is one generic name (know for NCLEX)
Found on the MAR
ibuprofen

37
Q

Trade name

A

There can be many trade names for a single drug.
Owned by a company
(Advil, Motrin)

38
Q

Therapeutic Class

A

Drugs classification based off what they are intended for

39
Q

Pharmacological Class

A

Group of drugs that are classified together because they are similar on a molecular level

40
Q

Prescription (rx)

A

Ordered by a practitioner
Can be more costly
Teaching how to use, when to take, what to take it with

41
Q

Over the counter

A

No prescription needed
Self-treatment can be done wrong

42
Q

STAT order

A

Used in emergency situations
To be done immediately

43
Q

PRN

A

Drug to be administered as needed
Requires nursing judgement

44
Q

Single Order

A

One-time dose of medication

45
Q

Routine/scheduled order

A

Given on a specific schedule
Anything that is not STAT, single order, or PRN is considered routine

46
Q

Continuous Order

A

IV fluids that run continuously

47
Q

Enteral Route

A

“Go through GI tract”
PO (oral)
- capsule, tablet
- sublinguinal
- buccaneers
- nasogastric and gastrostomy tube (if tablet make sure it can be crushed)

48
Q

Topical Route

A

Applied to skin, eyes, nose, respiratory tract

49
Q

Parenteral Route

A

“Outside the GI tract”
IV, IM, Subq, Intradermal

50
Q

Antidote

A

Reversal drug
- mostly for narcotics

51
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

52
Q

Cholinergic

A

ACh neurotransmitter that produces a rest and digest response

53
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Produces a fight or flight response
PNS

54
Q

Rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

55
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

56
Q

Muscanarinic

A

Parasympathetic receptor of ACh

Affects smooth muscle and slows heart rate

57
Q

Nicotinic

A

ACh parasympathetic receptor types

Affects skeletal muscle

58
Q

Alpha receptors

A

Sympathetic receptor type, takes Epi and Norepi

Affects blood vessels

Alpha 1: vasoconstriction
Alpha 2: vasodilation

59
Q

Beta Receptors

A

Sympathetic receptor type, takes Epi and Norepi

Beta 1: affects Heart (inc HR, inc contractility)

Beta 2: lungs (bronchodilation, Dec urine contractions)

60
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances produced and released by axons that transmits a signal to target neurons, cells, or glands

61
Q

Synapse

A
62
Q

Cholinergic crisis

A

There’s too much cholinergic given and the parasympathetic system is activated to the point where it becomes dangerous

63
Q

Control over ANS

A

No control… involuntary

64
Q

SNS

A

Fight or flight

Pupils - dilate
Lungs - bronchodilate
Heart- tachycardia, inc HR
Liver- inc glucose production
BV - constrict, inc BP
Gastrointestinal - relaxes SM
Bladder - relaxes muscle

65
Q

PNS

A

Rest and digest

Pupils - constrict
Lungs- bronchioconstrict
Heart- Dec HR
BV- dilate, Dec BP
Gastrointestinal - inc Peristalsis
Bladder - constrict bladder SM
Salivary - inc salivation

66
Q

2 NT of ANS

A

SNS
NT - Nori, Epi
Receptor- Alpha /Beta

PNS
NT - ACh
Receptor - Nicotinic / Muscarinic

67
Q

Mimic SNS

A

Sympathomimetic
Adrenergic agonist
Adrenergics

  • treatment of shock or hypotension
68
Q

Block SNS

A

Sympatholytics
Adrenergic blocker

  • antihypertensive
69
Q

Mimic PNS

A

Parasympathomimetic
Cholinergic

  • stimulates SM and contracts
70
Q

Block PNS

A

Parasympatholytic
Anticholinergics

  • induces fight or flight
71
Q

Fever

A

Natural defense mechanism for neutralizing foreign organisms

If fever is prolonged it becomes dangerous
- break down body tissues
- reduce mental capacity
- lead to delirium/coma

72
Q

Drugs that lead to fevers

A
  • anti infectives (they release pyrogens)
  • SSRI associated with serotonin
  • some anesthetics
  • cytotoxic drugs
73
Q

How to treat a fever

A

Determine cause!!

Over the counter drugs to treat
Cold compress
Ice packs on
Cooling blanket

74
Q

Inflammation

A

A non-specific defense system of the body
Acute and chronic (ongoing)

75
Q

Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Bradykinin
Complement
Prostaglandins

76
Q

2 Main drug classes to treat inflammation

A

NSAIDS - good for mild to moderate pain; low side effects

Corticosteroids - saved for severe symptoms; serious side effects

77
Q

Corticocosteroids

A

Hormones released by the adrenal cortex
Used to treat cancer, asthma, arthritis
Inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins but have multiple mechanisms to treat inflammation
MOST POWERFUL anti-inflammatory

78
Q

Cushings Syndrome

A

Disorder caused by the amount of corticosteroids in the body

316 EXAM 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions