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Mammalian Physiology I > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
*dynamic state of equilibrium

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2
Q

Ex of how body systems maintain homeostasis

A

ex. respiratory system: gas exchange (increase/decrease blood ox levels)

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3
Q

Most common feedback mechanism
Response REDUCES original stimulus
Reverse initial change in the body -> change in opposite direction
ex. regulation of body temp (hot=sweat, cold=shiver)

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

Not as common
responses ENHANCES original stimulus =amplifying effect
Further in one direction

A

Positive feedback

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5
Q

macromolecules are made of monomers that include ___

A

lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins

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6
Q

lipid functions

A

energy storage (calories), signaling (steroid hormones), and building cell membrane (phospholipids)

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7
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

chemical energy storage, sugar storage (glycogen), cell identification

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8
Q

nucleic acid functions

A

information storage (DNA/RNA), energy storage (ATP), catalysis (RNA)

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9
Q

proteins diverse functions

A

structure (structural proteins)
movement (motor/contractile proteins)
catalysis (enzymes)
transport (transport proteins)

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10
Q

cell membranes are built from primarily from phospholipids (__) and (__)

A

bilayer and amphipathic (different properties)

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11
Q

cell membrane is selectively permeable, what can and cannnot pass?

A

oxygen passes freely, proteins need transport proteins to cross the membrane

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12
Q

cell membranes are fluid…

A

fluid mosaic model (proteins can move and pass through)

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13
Q

cytoplasm and organelles are….

A

inside the cell

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14
Q

what is composed of ~70-85% water, dissolved and suspended chemicals, and ions?

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

some important organelles:

A

nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

largest organelle, contains DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, free in cytoplasm or attached endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Smooth ER

A

catalyzes lipid reactions and synthesizes other molecules

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19
Q

Rough ER

A

covered in ribosomes, makes, folds, and packages proteins

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20
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packages and sends molecules

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21
Q

mitochondria

A

manufactures ATP, double membrane (ER), has its own mitochondrial DNA

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22
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers that provide shape and strength to cell, move things within cells

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23
Q

glucose must undergo a series of rxns to release its potential energy

A

cellular respiration

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24
Q

cellular energy

A

convert carbs to glucose, proteins and fats are broken down into smaller components

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25
Q

primarily in mitochondria, undergoes 4 steps, produces ~30 ATP/glucose

A

cellular respiration

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26
Q

glucose + O2 —> ATP + CO2

A

aerobic respiration

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27
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored in position or configuration
(includes energy in chemical bonds)

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28
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion (sound, thermal energy, electricity)

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29
Q

ATP

A

stores potential energy
phosphate groups are negatively charged
covalent bond

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30
Q

ATP can be synthesized again by re-adding…

A

the phosphate group

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31
Q

Diffusion (all molecules have kinetic energy)

A

molecules vibrate and move/collide,

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32
Q

Diffusion =

A

the passive movement of molecules
(move from high to low concentration)

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33
Q

movement down concentration gradient

A

high to low

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34
Q

passive transport (diffusion)

A

high –> low, does not require cell energy

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35
Q

active transport

A

low –> high, requires cell energy (ATP)

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36
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement through intermolecular spaces or membrane openings

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37
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

interaction with carrier proteins

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38
Q

simple diffusion (protein channels)

A

tubular proteins, selective with size and electrical chargers, and they may be gated

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39
Q

voltage-gated

A

open/close in response to changes in electrical potential (ex. Na+ and K+)

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40
Q

chemical (ligand)-gated

A

open/close in response to binding of a chemical

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41
Q

the rate of diffusion is affected by:

A

temp
molecule size
concentration gradient
membrane electrical potential
pressure differential

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42
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of water caused by a concentration difference of water

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43
Q

solvent

A

a fluid substance dissolve in (ex. water)

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44
Q

solute

A

a substance dissolved in a solvent (ex. salt)

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45
Q

isotonic

A

solution and cell have the same solute concentration, no net movement

46
Q

hypotonic

A

solution has a lower solute concentration than inside of cell
water moves into the cell
leads to swelling and bursting (lysis)

47
Q

hypertonic

A

the solution has greater solute concentration than inside of cell
water moves out of the cell
cell shrivels and becomes crenate

48
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure from osmosis
the more solutes inside, the higher its osmotic pressure
water moves down towards the hypertonic solution

49
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by water against the plasma membrane

50
Q

primary active transport

A

carrier protein uses ATP directly to move molecules against their concentration gradient (ex. Na-K+ pump)

51
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

1 ATP powers pump to transport:
3 Na+ ions out of cell
2 K+ ions into cell
both against gradient

52
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses the “driver” moving down the gradient to power the movement of another molecule
ATP used directly

53
Q

symporter

A

transport substance in the same direction as “driver”

54
Q

antiporter

A

transport substance in the opposite direction as “driver”

55
Q

Vesicular transport

A

move across membrane (endo/exocytosis)

56
Q

endocytosis

A

transport into cell (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

57
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating/ingest cells

58
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking/ or fluid-phase endocytosis

59
Q

exocytosis

A

material is ejected from cell; substance ejected is enclosed in secretory vesicle

60
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across the plasma membrane
*voltage difference in electrical charge btwn 2 points
*down gradient

61
Q

inside of cell has more ___ than outside

A

K+

62
Q

outside of the cell has more ___ than outside

A

Na+

63
Q

neuron is composed of:

A

telodendria
synaptic terminals
axon
axon hillock
golgi
dendrite
dendrite branches
mitochondria
ER
nucleus
cell body

64
Q

graded potential

A

short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
*triggered by a change that opens gated ions

65
Q

causes channels to open:

A

chemical signals binding to receptors
changes in charge across the membrane

66
Q

depolarization

A

potential difference becomes smaller (-70 mV to -65mV)
*open Na+ channels allow Na+ to rush into cell

67
Q

hyperpolarization

A

potential difference becomes greater (-70mV to -75mV)
*K+ channels remain open longer than needed to restore resting membrane potential

68
Q

action potential

A

rapid changes in membrane potential

69
Q

stages of an action potential:

A
  1. resting
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. hyperpolarization
70
Q

repolarization

A

Na+ channels have inactivation gates that quickly stop the flow of Na+
*slower K+ channels open
*neg membrane potential

71
Q

propagation (spreading)

A

-AP transmitted from origin down axon
-one direction
-Na+ influx through voltage gates in one membrane
-no AP is generated

72
Q

refractory period

A

time in which neuron cannot trigger another AP

73
Q

absolute refractory period

A

-opening of Na+ channels until resetting of channels
-ensures that AP is an all or none event
-one way transmission of nerve impulses

74
Q

relative refractory period

A

-Na+ channels in resting state, some K+ channels still open
-repolarization occurs
-AP generation is elevated

75
Q

myelinated

A

depends on the presence or absence of myelin
-Schwann cells wrap around axon in a paper towel roll fashion

76
Q

continuous conduction

A

-in nonmyelinated axons
-slow

77
Q

saltatory conduction

A

-in myelinated axons
-30x faster than continuous

78
Q

intensity

A

all action potentials are alike in magnitude, regardless of stimulus intensity

79
Q

frequency

A

CNA tells the difference btwn weak and strong stimuli by frequency of impulses
-# of APs received per second
-higher freq. = stringer stimulus

80
Q

5 components of a reflex arc

A
  1. arrival of stimulus
  2. activation of sensory neuron
  3. integration-connection
  4. activation of motor neuron
  5. response by effector
81
Q

Muscle fiber

A

a single muscle cell

82
Q

types of muscle tissue:

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

83
Q

myofibril

A

-built from sarcomeres
muscle-> fascicle-> muscle fiber-> myofibril

84
Q

sarcomere

A

-highly ordered and repeating units
-attach end to end to form a myofibril
-basic contractile element of skeletal muscle

85
Q

sarcomere regions:

A

I bands
A bands
H zone
M line

86
Q

myofilaments

A

-keeps sarcomere together
-made of actin, myosin, + elastic filaments
-creates muscle contractions

87
Q

thin filament

A

-actin
-light under a microscope

88
Q

actin (composed of 3 proteins)

A

actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
-anchored at Z-disk

89
Q

thick filament

A

in myosin

90
Q

myosin

A

-2 intertwined filaments with globular heads

91
Q

elastic filament

A

-runs through the core of thick filament (Z-disk)
-stabilize and position thick filament

92
Q

Globular heads

A

-protrude 360* from thick filament axis

93
Q

sliding filament theory

A

-actin-myosin interaction
-relaxed state ( no interactions; myofilaments overlap)
-contracted state (myosin heads pull actin, filaments slide past each other)

94
Q

Sarcolemma conducts ___ ___

A

action potential

95
Q

transverse tubules carry __ ___ deep into muscle fiber

A

action potential

96
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) forms network around each _____

A

myofibril
*Ca +2 storage

97
Q

contraction (phase 2)

A
98
Q

axon terminals form a ______ junction with a ____ ___ (do not touch)

A

neuromuscular; muscle

99
Q

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

forms from axon terminals (filled with ACh)

100
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter

101
Q

Cross-bridge movement steps:

A
  1. formation
  2. power stroke
  3. cross-bridge detachment
  4. cocking of myosin head
102
Q

creatine phosphate

A

provide more initial ATP

103
Q

static contraction

A

muscle produces force but does not change length

104
Q

dynamic contraction

A

-concentric (muscle shortens while producing force)
-eccentric (muscle lengthens while producing force)

105
Q

slow oxidative (SO) fibers

A

large number of mitochondria and extensive blood supply

106
Q

fast oxidative (FO) fibers

A

-more tension than SO
-primarily for movements that require moderate energy (walking)

107
Q

fast glycolytic (FG) fibers

A

-high tension
-high glycogen amounts
-not much myoglobin/mitochondria
-quick, powerful contractions

108
Q

myoglobin

A

transports and stores oxygen

109
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of muscles
-more myofibrils
-thick muscle fibers

110
Q

atrophy

A

loss of muscle mass

Mammalian Physiology I (1 decks)

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