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Psych 350 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many people will experience a diagnosable mental health condition in any given year

A

1/5

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2
Q

What percentage of adults are currently taking medication for a mental health condition

A

25%

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3
Q

What percent will meet criteria for a mental health condition at some point in their lives

A

50%+

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4
Q

What is the single largest cause of disability worldwide

A

Mental health conditions

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5
Q

What was the total global economic burden of mental disorders

A

8.5 trillion dollars

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6
Q

What is not categorically less effective compared to medicine as a whole

A

Psychiatric intervention

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7
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • various modalities (cognitive behavioral)
  • various systems (individuals)
  • various settings (in-patient)
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8
Q

What percent of adults with a diagnosable mental health condition received treatment in 2018

A

43.3%

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9
Q

What percent of counties don’t have a single practicing psychiatrist

A

60%

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10
Q

What percent of people say they’re reluctant to seek mental health services

A

60%+

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11
Q

What is the average delay between symptom onset and treatment

A

11 years

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12
Q

What is the inverse care law

A

Profound inequalities in availability and access to care

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13
Q

Misconceptions

A
  • bipolar disorder means you’re sad one moment and then completely enraged or ecstatic the next moment
  • schizophrenia means having multiple personalities
  • depression is the direct result of a “simple chemical imbalance”
  • eating disorder only affect young, white women
  • the insanity defense is a “get-out-jail-free card” that too often succeds
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14
Q

Stigma

A
  • “mark of disgrace or shame”
  • “Penumbra” of stigma often extends to families
    -devastating consequences such as social rejection and employment
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15
Q

ABCs of Stigma

A

Affective (prejudice)

Behavioral (discrimination)

Cognitive (stereotyping)

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16
Q

Link & Phelan’s (2001) Process Model

A
  • begins with identifying and labeling (actual or alleged) human differences
    -dominant cultural beliefs link labeled persons to undesirable characteristics (negative stereotypes)
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17
Q

Sanism

A
  • systemic oppression on the basis of an actual or perceived mental attribute or condition
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18
Q

Factors to Consider: 4-D

A
  • Distress
  • Dysfunction
  • Deviations
    -Duration
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19
Q

Constellations of Symptoms

A
  • descriptive syndromes defined by collections of co-occurring behaviors or symptoms
  • ex: persistent low mood, trouble sleeping
  • no valid biological diagnostic tests
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20
Q

What isn’t unique to psychopathology

A

Caveat

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21
Q

Categorical Model

A
  • depressed vs non-depressed
  • organize and describe constellations of symptoms
  • conduct research
  • suggest appropriate treatments or interventions
  • make group-level predictions about course of illness
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22
Q

Dimensional Models

A
  • continua or spectra
    -ex: energy, sustained attention
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23
Q

Harmful Dysfunction Model (Jerome Wakefield)

A
  • it results from the inability of some internal mechanism (mental or physical) to perform its natural function (ex: mechanisms that regulate emotions or energy levels)
  • it causes some harm to the person as judged by the standards of the person’s culture (often measured in terms of distress or difficulty performing expected social or occupational roles)
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24
Q

Social Model (People are disabled by the barriers)

A
  • isolation
  • no lifts
  • badly designed buildings
  • no Ramps
    -poor job prospects
  • special schools
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25
Q

Medical Model (People are disabled by the medical conditions)

A
  • can’t hear or see
  • need help and carers
  • looking for a cure
  • can’t walk
  • can’t work
  • dependent
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26
Q

Pathology is not a disorder, but another kind of order (Olthof)

A
  • humans are complex systems that interact with, adapt, and change over time in response to both internal and external demands
  • you can’t fully separate the person from the environment
  • syndromes, themselves, may function like systems: ex: insomnia-> fatigue->concentration problems-> frustration-> insomnia
  • how problematic vs helpful a given response or system is depends on context: ex: adaptions to threat might help a soldier survive in a combat zone and then cause problems when they return to civilian life if the system doesn’t re-adapt
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27
Q

Biopsychosocial Model (Engel)

A

Biological
- physical health
-disability
-genetic vulnerabilities

Psychological
- self-esteem
-coping skills
- social skills

Social
- peers
- school
-family circumstances

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28
Q

Three Historical Classes of “Models”

A

Supernatural: The Soul

Biological: The Body

Psychological: The Mind

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29
Q

Early Biological Model: Hippocrates 4 Humors

A
  • normal function of brain, body depended on balance of four humors: blood (sanguis), black bile (melancholic), yellow bile (choler), phlegm
  • imbalance of the humors produced illness
  • treatments include changes in diet, physical activity, physical environment
  • innovative, but not evidence-based (“ wandering uterus”
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30
Q

Return to the Supernatural

A

1621: demonic possession listed as potential cause of mental disorder

792 CE: First mental hospital founded in Baghdad

Avicenna writes The Canon of Medicine

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31
Q

Supernatural Theories

A

1490-1541: Paracelsus rejects demonology “lunacy”

1576-1660: ST. Vincent de Paul: Mental disease is no different than bodily disease

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32
Q

Early Asylum

A

General hospital of Paris founded in 1656

Treatment was generally harmful

Conditions were comparable to dungeons

Confinement of beggars

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33
Q

Reforms and Moral Treatment (Philippe Pinel’s)

A
  • Pioneer of humanitarian treatment
  • Argued patients should be treated with kindness
  • 1842: The Lunancy Inquiry Act requires periodic inspections of asylums in Britain
34
Q

Benjamin Rush (Founder of American Psychiatry)

A
  • observations and inquiries upon the disease of the mind
  • mental illness as a disease of the brain
  • blood-letting
  • alienism
35
Q

Psychological Treatments

A

Jean Martin Charcot and Josef Breuer: interested in hysteria and hypnosis

Breuer’s cathartic method: recall suppressed traumatic memories while under hypnosis

Sigmund Freud: studied with both Charcot and Breuer

All were trained as physicians who were running the asylums

36
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

A
  • human behavior determined by unconscious forces, innate drives
  • early development, trauma
  • tap into the unconscious mind (free association)
37
Q

What was the clear biological cause that was conducted between 1897-1906 from experiments

A

Syphilis

38
Q

What are scientific paradigms (Kuhn)

A

Conceptual frameworks that acts as filters and shape production, interpretation, and use of science

39
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Attempt to estimate the proportions of genetic vs environmental influence on a trait

40
Q

Heritability

A
  • trait can be passed on along familial lines through genetics
  • the proportion of the variability in a trait that can be explained by genetic differences among people within a given population
41
Q

Misconception of heritability

A

For every trait, there is a single, immutable number that represents the heritability of that trait

42
Q

Heritability coefficient depend on

A
  • population being studied
  • environment in which that population is being studied/ changes in the environment
  • trait being studied/ the method of measurement and estimation
43
Q

Clarifications of Heritability

A
  • property of populations, not individuals

Ex: If Trait X has a heritability of .70 and my parents have Trait X, that doesn’t mean that I am 70% likely to have that trait

  • doesn’t tell us how hard a trait is to change

Ex: height is highly heritable,but

-doesn’t always tell us how genetic a trait is

Ex: two-armed-ness

  • isn’t always informative about the causes of between-group differences

Ex: height is heritable, but white US-born men used to be taller, on average, than Dutch men

44
Q

Molecular genetics

A

Identify contributions of specific genes, genetic variants

45
Q

Genotype to Phenotype Problem

A
  • essential to understand how genetic variation -> phenotypic variation

Ex: if we know that a set of genes is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and that it’s associated with bipolar disorder

46
Q

Example of X is a gene for Y (Kendler)

A

mHtt is the gene for Huntington’s disease

47
Q

What are interdependent

A

Genes and environment

  • genes are correlated with the environment that you are born into
48
Q

Behaviorism (Role of Learning)

A

Behaviors are learned- lassi al and operant conditioning

  • behaviors are shaped by our environments -and how those environments respond to us
49
Q

Cognitive Science (Role of Mental Processes)

A

Spotlight in the importance of cognition: biases, perceptions, memory, beliefs, decision-making

50
Q

Affective Science (Role of Emotions)

A

Emotions have (evolved) functions

51
Q

Intrapersonal functions

A

Ex: fear might coordinate our response to seeing a venomous snake

52
Q

Interpersonal and social functions

A

Ex: the look on your face when you see the snake might give your friend a key piece of information

53
Q

Emotion dysregulation

A

These functional emotional systems can become dysregulated

  • they persist long after their initial trigger (or not long enough)
  • their intensity is disproportionate to the trigger (too strong, too weak)
  • efforts to regulate, cope with, or satisfy emotions lead us to engage in unhelpful or harmful behavior ( problematic substance use)
  • inappropriate or I’ll-suited to the situation to our goals
54
Q

Environmental factors

A

Can trigger, exacerbate, or maintain the symptoms that make up the different disorders

  • can be broad scale ( availability of firearm is associated with higher suicide rates across countries)
  • person-specific ( major life events, quality of social relationships)
55
Q

What can culture influence

A
  • symptom expression
  • availability of treatment
  • willingness to seek treatment
56
Q

Paradigms Matter

A
  • assumptions we make
  • questions we ask
  • methods we use to answer those questions
  • funding, public policy
  • interpretation of, responses to reserach findings
  • development and uptake of new treatments
57
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

58
Q

Validity

A

Meaningfulness of measurement

59
Q

Standardization

A

Uniform application of a measure

60
Q

Types of reliability

A
  • across time (test-retest)
  • across rafters (inter-rater)
61
Q

Construct validity

A

Is the test measuring what it claims to?

62
Q

Nosology

A

The branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases

63
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • contains information about, diagnostic criteria for recognized mental illnesses
64
Q

Criticisms of Diagnosis

A
  • concerns about “overmedicalization” or “overpathologization”
  • stigma
  • categories do not capture the uniqueness of the person
65
Q

Rationales for Diagnosis

A
  • can potentially guide research, treatment, advocacy
  • can potentially facilitate communication between and among professionals and service users
  • can potentially be a relief for some service users
66
Q

Polythetic criteria

A

Ex: BPD dx requires endorsement of 5 of 9 symptoms

67
Q

Alternatives

A
  • HiTOP
  • RDoC
68
Q

Psychological Assessment

A
  • describe current of past functioning, strengths, problems, level of risk
  • identify potential causes or contributing factors
  • arrive at a diagnosis
  • inform treatment strategy
  • monitor treatment progress
69
Q

Behavioral Observation

A
  • can occur in more controlled (lab) or more naturalistic (classroom) settings
70
Q

Self- Report Questionnaires

A
  • can be normed to facilitate comparison
  • often used for screening, monitoring progress in treatment
  • self-monitoring can potentially have therapeutic value
  • easy, time-efficient to administer
71
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • scoring can be highly subjective-> poor reliability
  • even when more rigorous scoring systems are used, validity if often lacking
  • can sometimes be a jumping off point for clinically interesting conversations
72
Q

Culture

A

Influences the meaning of behavior

73
Q

Diagnostic Overshadowing

A
  • Tendency to attribute all behavioral, emotional and health issues to a certain diagnosis while other issues are not considered

-when people with psychiatric diagnoses seek medical care

74
Q

Why it’s challenging to sample in clinical psychology

A
  • low base rates
  • hard to reach

-ability to participate

-may not meet the criteria

75
Q

Ecological fallacy

A

What’s true at the group level is not always true at the individual level

76
Q

Nomoethic research

A

Attempts to ask questions about what’s true at the group level

77
Q

Idiographic research

A

Asks what’s true at the person-specific level

78
Q

LOTS of Data

A

Life data: academic records, medical records

Observational data: auditor or video recording someone at home or lab

Test data: performance on a well-validated cognitive test

Self-report: questionnaires and interviews

79
Q

Correlation

A

Doesn’t equal causation

80
Q

Classical experimental research

A

A well controlled experiment has high internal validity= inference of causality

Concerns about external validity= does this generalize to the “real world”

81
Q

Validity Crisis

A

Validity of constructs, measures, methods increasingly being called into question

Psych 350 (2 decks)

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