Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is chronicle history?
A
non-interpretive/non-explanatory history
includes: fossil records, phylogenetic trees, dist. of species, other data and patterns
basically STRAIGHT UP information
2
Q
what is narrative history?
A
interpretive/explanatory history
the story made around the facts
3
Q
what is scientific theory?
A
not to be confused with a hypothesis, its like a theory that is taken as fact
examples: gravity, evolution, theory of plate tectonics, heliocentric theory
4
Q
macroevolution is evolution ________ the species level. it focuses on what?
A
above; large phylogenetic changes or relatively large periods of time
5
Q
some examples of macroevolution
A
mass extinction events, adaptive radiations, large-scale patterns in the fossil record, chronicle of life on earth
6
Q
microevolution is evolution ______ the species level. it focuses on what?
A
below; the processes that cause evolutionary change over short periods of time
7
Q
some examples of microevolution
A
natural selection, the movement of genes between populations, random genetic changes across generations
8
Q
in what orientation do fish muscles run? whale muscles?
A
around the circumference/the ribs of the fish; along the length of the body/parallel to the spine basically
9
Q
pakicetus atrox was found where? who discovered it?
A
in rocks that formed on LAND; Philip Gingerich, 1979
10
Q
what was special about pakicetus atrox?
A
it had a bony landmark called an involucrum that it only found in whales today even though the fossil looked like a dog and was found on land
11
Q
evolution doesn’t really create, it _______ with _________ structures to make new ones
A
tinkers; existing
(examples: front limbs into flippers, nostrils into blowholes. remember: evolution isn’t TRYING to make new species)
12
Q
what is the whippo hypothesis?
A
that whales and hippos are closely related/share a common ancestor (not really considered a hypothesis anymore)
13
Q
what does HIV stand for?
A
human immunodeficiency virus
14
Q
what does AIDS stand for?
A
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
15
Q
HIV is a ______ virus; it only has 2 copies of ________ _______ _____ and 3 ________
A
simple
single stranded RNA
enzymes
16
Q
what are evolution’s big picture objectives?
A
variation and diversity matter
evolution is a historical science
power and limits of evolutionary change
understand the relevance of evolution to contemporary issues
make your next walk in the woods a richer experience
17
Q
if evolution is a historical science, split it up as if the 4.6 billion years of earth were boiled down to an hour.
A
first 50 mins: history of microbes
last ten minutes: animal life
human history and civilization takes place in the last 1/100th or 0.01 second
18
Q
T/F: there is an ultimate goal in evolution. evolution follows teleology.
A
false! teleology is the doctrine of final causes and historical processes being determined by their ultimate purpose. evolution does not do anything on purpose fr.
19
Q
what words did Darwin write on his first phylogenetic tree?
A
“I think”
20
Q
are chimpanzees ancestors to humans?
A
no: we share a common ancestor that looks like neither of us apparently
21
Q
what is speciation?
A
the split in a species into 2 or more species (node in a phylogenetic tree)
22
Q
what does it mean when a branch in a phylogenetic tree stops leading anywhere?
A
extinction
23
Q
where do you find gradual change in a phylogenetic tree?
A
between two speciations
24
Q
what is a phylogeny? it is also known as?
A
a diagram depicting evolutionary relationships; a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram (klay doh gram)
25
you need to be able to read phylogenetic trees in any orientation
just sayin
26
what is a metapopulation?
a population of populations
27
what is another name to call an "evolutionary lineage?"
a species
28
what does a tip on a phylogeny equate to?
taxa (sng. taxon)
they can be individuals, species, genera (sng. genus), families, etc.
29
what is a taxon?
a formally named group of organisms like a species, a genus, or a family
30
what do nodes depict on a cladogram?
the most recent common ancestor between two or more sister taxa/sister clades
31
internodes are aka?
branches
32
what do the roots of the cladograms depict?
the oldest lineage of that cladogram
33
what is a clade?
ALL the descendants of a common ancestor
34
which members of a clade are the most closely related to the common ancestor?
trick question: they're all equally related to the most recent common ancestor
35
a clade is aka?
a monophyletic group
36
how does rotating the nodes of a phylogenetic tree alter the relationships of the taxa?
it doesn't! compare clades or nodes if you're confused
37
how does "pruning" (removing some of the taxa) a phylogenetic tree alter the relationships of the taxa?
it doesn't! the relationships are the same, all of the descendants just aren't there (which is fine)
38
PAY ATTENTION TO THE NODES!
this will seriously help you i think
39
what is a polytomy?
a node with three or more branches coming off of it
40
what is a hard polytomy?
this means there was "known" simultaneous divergence of species into those three new species/branches
41
what is soft polytomy?
this means there are unresolved relationships between those species/branches (B, C, and D COULD be sister taxa OR one could be the others common ancestor but we don't know so we stick them all together)
42
what is a monophyletic group?
(you know this)
all the descendants of a common ancestor (aka a clade!) aka they share a node somewhere down the line
43
what is a paraphyletic group?
some, NOT ALL, descendants of a common ancestor
example: birds, crocs, and lizards all share a common anc. but only crocs and lizards are grouped together! (gasp, the drama)
44
what are gnathosomes?
jawed vertebrates
45
tetrapods, amphibians, mammals, and lepidosaurs are examples of what group in gnathosomes?
monophyletic
46
reptiles are a ___________ group; or, birds are reptiles
paraphyletic
47
dinosaurs are a ___________ group; or, birds are dinosaurs
paraphyletic
48
fish are a __________ group; or, you and birds are fish
paraphyletic (mmwatbs)
49
some facts about fish gonads and human testes i guess
the gonads in an embryo are next to the heart like they are in fish which is crazy, then they broke through the body wall and hang outside the bod (in guys) and that created a spot soft and that's why guys get hernias apparently
50
what are some problems with paraphyly?
paraphyly misleads regarding relationships and how characters evolve. that makes us fish and birds dinosaurs! ugh
51
what is polyphyly? what is wrong with it?
its grouping things together with no common ancestor and no monophyly; everyhting apparently. its just pretty random and picked without thinking to put it quite simply
52
what is haemothermia?
warm-blooded animals
we don't really use this term anymore
53
haemotherima is an example of what type of --phyly?
polyphyly: mammals and birds both fall in this category but do not share a(n immediate) common ancestor and are not monophyletic
54
what are sister taxa?
tips of branches with a common ancestor
55
what are sister clades?
two (or more) nodes with a common ancestor
OR
node(s) and taxa with a common ancestor
56
if multiple things can be classified as a "sister (something)," then we can assume that they are _________?
monophyletic
57
Reptilia is an example of what kind of classification?
formal Linnaean classification
58
is Archosauromorpha part of formal Linnaean classification?
nah
59
Tetrapoda and Amniota are what on a Linnaean cladogram?
basically just names of clades (not formal)
60
phylogenetic trees are _______, not facts
hypotheses
61
what is rank free classification?
i literally dont know
from dr. google: naming and classifying animals without the whole genus, family, class, species, etc. thing
62
how did the Whippo hypothesis change the whale's location on a cladogram in relation to Artiodactyla?
it moved them from being a sister clade with artiodactyla taxa to being an artiodactyla taxa itself and now being sister taxa with hippos
63
what is homology? (or a homologous trait)
a trait in two or more taxa that was inherited from a common ancestor
example: humerus (and basically all the arm bones) being seen in humans, dogs, horses, bats, birds, and seals
64
what is homoplasy?
FALSE homology (or analogy) based on characteristics found in different species due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal but NOT common decent
65
porcupines, hedgehogs, and lesser hh tenrecs all have different spines and no recent common ancestor. they are grouped together anyway. this is an example of what?
homoplasy
66
bones in pterosaurs, bats, and birds are homo______ while their wings are homo______
homologous: the same bones were found in a common ancestor
homoplastic: none of their common ancestors flew (between the three of them)
67
!!!
IMPORTANT: what are the three causes of homoplasy?
convergent evolution
parallelism
reversal
68
what is convergent evolution?
similarities between species caused by a similar but evolutionarily independent response to a common set of selection pressures. (commonly different developmental pathways are employed)
example: we have similar camera eyes to octopi but they evolved differently so they don't really go together
69
more convergent evolution examples
a wolf vs Tasmanian wolf (not a wolf)
lemur vs spotted cuscus
mole vs marsupial mole
anteater vs numbat (anteater)
mouse vs marsupial mouse
flying squirrel vs flying phalanger
this is all (placental mammals vs Australian marsupials) so they're grouped together but they're different
70
what is parallel evolution?
convergent evolution WITHIN a species or between CLOSELY RELATED species
it differs from regular convergent bc related species can utilize the same developmental mechanisms or gene flow
71
parallel evolution examples
(i didn't really get this one but here anyway)
poisonous newts of the same species are spread all over the upper west coast but they differ in toxicity levels
(one i understand) black mice living on lava flows vs tan ones that live in sandier areas (i assume)
72
what is reversal homoplasy?
having some characteristic (such as larvae) that is lost and then eventually comes back
73
more reversal examples
a mammal's ancestor had hair, lost it, and then that mammal has hair bc it came back sometime
a whale's ancestor left the water to land and then another came back into it
74
what are synapomorphies?
shared, derived traits
"syn" = together
"morphy" = form
shared = present in 2+ taxa
derived = wasn't present in the last ancestor (changed from the ancestral condition)
75
clades are diagnosed by ______?
traits
76
synapomorphies provide evidence of what?
common descent
77
what is an autapomorphy?
a derived trait found in only one taxon in a tree. doesn't provide evidence of relationships!
78
what are plesiomorphies?
shared ancestral characteristics with the ancestral state. these are usually just phenotypic similarities and don't provide evidence for common descent!
79
which of the following provide evidence of common descent?
autapomorphy
plesiomorphy
synapomorphy
synapomorphy only
80
match!
a. autapomorphy
b. plesiomorphy
c. synapomorphy
1. shared and derived*
2. derived*
3. shared*
*from/with the ancestral state
a2: autapo - derived
b3: plesio - shared
c1: synapo - shared and derived
81
what is the difference between symplesiomorphies and synapomorphies?
symplesiomorphies are shared, ANCESTRAL traits. these contribute to some similarities between taxa but don't really provide information regarding relationships.
synapomorphies are shared, DERIVED traits.
82
what are the three kinds of similarity?
1. symplesiomorphies (shared, primitive/anc.)
2. synapomorphies (shared, derived)*
3. homoplasy (false homology)
*this is o]the only one that provides evidence of common ancestry
83
what does LUCA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
84
was LUCA the first living thing?
nah
85
LUCA splits into what two clades?
bacteria and archaea
86
true or false: archaea are more closely related to eukarya than bacteria?
true: they have a more recent common ancestor
87
what are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
simple
no nucleus
no mitochondria
small (~0.2-2.0 μm)
88
what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
- complex
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- large (~10-100 μm)
- membrane enclosed organelles (like golgi apparatus)
- has both meiosis and mitosis
89
which of the following are (often but not always) extremophiles?
a. archaea
b. bacteria
archaea
90
what kind of environments can archaea be found in?
high temperature
high salt
cow/termite/human stomachs
91
what is endosymbiosis?
basically bacteria entering larger archaea to live there and becoming mitochondria and chloroplasts to make new types of archaea
(at least that's how i understand it)
92
where did most membrane enclosed organelles probably originate from?
deep folds in the plasma membrane
93
which evolved first: chloroplasts or mitochondria?
(aka, which is first on the tree of life?)
mitochondria
94
what two clades does archaea split into?
non-eukaryotic archaea and eukaryotes
95
what are the endosymbionts of the tree of life?
bacteria (cyanobacteria and proteobacteria), archaea, eukaryotes
(isn't this basically everything)
96
what is the biggest clade of bacteria?
proteobacteria
97
what endosymbiont became mitochondria in eukaryotes?
proteobacteria
98
Escherichia coli, bubonic plague, cholera, and salmonella are all examples of what?
proteobacteria
99
what was the first organism to release O2 into the atmosphere?
cyanobacteria
100
what endosymbiont became the first chloroplast?
(ancestral) cyanobacteria
101
is cyanobacteria photosynthetic?
yes bro
102
what is the clade of the following taxa?
stramenopiles
plantae
fungi
animals
eukarya
103
animals and fungi are in a clade called?
the opisthokonts
104
what is the synapomorphy of plantae?
chloroplasts (primary endosymbiosis)
105
what clade do all plantae with chlorophyll b (and starch storage) belong to?
what is the sister clade of the above clade?
green plants
red algae
106
true or false: green plants are sister taxa to land plants.
false: land plants ARE green plants so they are a part of the clade
107
green algae are _____phyletic?
why/how?
para(phyletic)
they include all the green plants except land plants
108
what kind of algae is nori (김밥의 김)?
red algae somehow
109
what makes red algae red?
the chloroplasts in red algae have a pigment called phycoerythrin and has chlorophyll a (not b)
110
what is phycology?
the study of algae, traiditionally including red algae, green algae, brown algae, and (sometimes) cyanobacteria
111
phycology is _____phyletic
poly(phyletic)
112
red algae is usually a _________ species, with a few ____________ species
marine; freshwater
113
green plants have chlorophyll __
1. a
2. b
3. a & b
3. chlorophyll a & b!
114
lichens were formed through symbiotic associations between ________ and _________
fungi and green algae (like cyanobacteria)
115
what is the synapomorphy of the seed plants clade?
...seeds
116
what is the synapomorphy of the angiosperms?
there are flowering plants
117
what two clades do the seed plants split into?
the angiosperms and gymnosperms
118
what is the difference between land plants and green algae (algae in general)?
green algae need to live in/by lots of water to survive while land plants adapted to (you guessed it) land
119
what is are two synapomorphies of the land plants (that you need to know)?
stomata (besides liverworts but you don't really need to know that) and waxy cuticles
120
why are stomata and waxy cuticles important?
stomata are important in photosynthesis for allowing gas exchange without drying up the plant (by opening and closing on the surface of the leaves), and waxy cuticles also prevent desiccation
121
true or false: mosses are non-vascular plants.
supa true
122
non-vascular plants are a ______phyletic group including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
para(phyletic)
123
mosses use _______ to reproduce.
spores (moved around by water usually)
124
extra information on moss
(not a question)
the gametophyte makes up the main plant and the diploid sporophyte is smaller and connected to the gametophyte
in moss it's not roots. it's rhizoids.
since they don't have a vascular system, they're short and grow in dense mats in moist places
125
what are the components of the vascular system in (you guessed it) vascular plants?
the xylem and the phloem
126
what does the xylem do?
conducts water and minerals from the soil (brings them up)
127
what does the phloem do?
conducts products of photosynthesis from the leaves (brings them in/down)
128
what is the function of lignin in the xylem?
it increases structural support (how trees can be 100+ feet tall)
129
ferns are like moss because they have _______ but are UNlike them because they have a good ___________ _________
spores; vascular system
130
what are gymnosperms? (what is their synapomorphy?)
they are plants with seeds but no flowers. gymnosperm means naked seed (not protected by an ovary or fruit)
131
conifer means?
cone-bearing
132
in conifers, the female cones have ______ and the male cones have ______
seeds; pollen
133
what are fruits?
apparently a plant's ripened ovaries
134
start on slide 144 next time :p heh (W2L1)
ALMOST CAUGHT UP
