EXAM 1

Question 1

Define Co-occupations, and provide examples of co-occupations of infancy, including the neonatal period

Answer 1

Co-Occupation: Doing tasks with another person that influences the occupation and interacting with one another. Examples: feeding, potty training, social interaction, skin to skin, hygiene, playing, sleeping, dressing, learning.

Question 2

Name the five key principles of the lifespan Perspective of Occupation - Humphrey & Womack

Answer 2

1. Transformations are lifelong processes. Occupations change throughout the lifetime.
2. People live interconnected lives
3. Historic times and societal events shape occupation.
4. People make choices about occupations which reflect circumstances & perceived opportunities. People make choices based on what’s available in their environment.
5. Antecedents to events and consequences of events vary according to timing in the life course. Things happen in our life that alter the course or change our occupations. (Breaking a leg- led to shift from clinical to academia)

Question 3

Stages of psychosocial Crisies

Answer 3

Erikson
Psychosocial
(early 1900s)
Progression throughout lifespan
Stages of Psychosocial Crisis
1. Trust / Mistrust
2. Autonomy / Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative / Guilt
4. Industry / Inferiority
5. Identity / Role Confusion
6. Intimacy / Isolation
7. Generativity / Stagnation
8. Ego Integrity / Despair

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

Skinner -
Positive / Negative Reinforcement to illicit a response
Ex: Star chart to encourage good behavior. All children with a certain number of stars at the end of the week get a prize.
Types of reinforcement:
positive- stimulus
negative -removal of stimulus
punishment- self explanatory

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

Pavlov
Stimulus generates response.
Coffee makes me want a cigarette
Neutral Stimulus + stimulus = response

Question 6

Theory of Psychosocial Development

Answer 6

Freud
Psychosocial
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
Human thought is an unconscious process
Experiences in childhood affect us as adults

Question 7

Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 7

Piaget
Cognitive
How children learn and develop
*1. Sensorimotor Stage - Object permanence Birth- 12ish mo
2. Pre-operational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal (Logical) Operational Stage

Question 8

Mertyl

Answer 8

Do they have skills at birth or do they learn them?

Question 9

Scafolding -

Question 10

Kolberg

Answer 10

Moral and Immoral judgement

Question 11

Explain the Model of Synactive Organization of Behavioral Development developed by Als, including the core and each of its surrounding rings.

Answer 11

5 subsystems
1. Autonomic
-irregular breathing, change in color, gagging, yawning,
2. Motor - tone, twitching, posture
3. States - sleepy, drowsy, irritable, fussy
4. Interaction / Attention- Capacity of baby to interact with caretaker and how robust.
5.Self Regulation- The ability to balance and regulate the other four sub systems.
Each sub system functions in relation to others.

Question 12

Neonatal behavior that indicates baby is over stimulated

Answer 12

Hard time falling asleep, avoiding withdrawling, not making eye contact, crying

Question 13

Behaviors that indicate stable self-regulation and readiness to interact

Answer 13

Bright eyed, self initiating positional changes, playful, engaging, visual gaze and exploring, smiling, grasping towards object or caregiver, sucking to explore

Question 14

Explain how infant self-regulation can affect engagement in co-occupations

Answer 14

When infants are calm they can engage better. Babies are sponges and there is a lot of stimulation, but they need to have a calm regulated state in order to engage in co-occupations

Question 15

Strategies that adults can use to support infant self-regulation for co-occupational engagement

Answer 15

Safe touch, dim the lights, talking in a soothing voice, rocking, sleep- wake cycles

Question 16

Explain why neonatal reflexes usually do not dominate infant/toddler behavior by approx first birthday

Answer 16

Function of the reflexes are for survival and later development. These reflexes are involuntary and automatic. Help baby to learn movement patterns so that by their first birthday babies can move with more control.

Question 17

Explain object permanence (according to Piaget) and provide an example of how the concept of object permanence may affect an infant’s behavior.

Answer 17

Object Permanence is the understanding that objects and people still exist even if they can’t be seen or heard. This is part of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.

Question 18

Describe a few specific examples of how caregivers can support infant psychosocial development.

Answer 18

Caregivers can provide support psychosocially to infancts by remembering that behavior is communication, responding to the infants needs and attempts to communicate, and playing

Question 19

understanding general sequence for postural control and motor

Answer 19

prone head down, next turn head to one side, extension for a few seconds, (before turning head in prone you have to have trunk control actively turning head on arms,
Sitting cephalo-caudal progression, need a lot of support at 3-4 mo
as they gain stability in upper trunk then they get more control, 5-6 mo propping hands although a little tippy, stable in sit shifting weight, can play with things
standing- start holding on to furniture holding hands, cruising, one hand hold higher level, and then walking with duck legs

Question 20

Put the following in order in terms of when they will appear throughout infancy:
ulnar palmar
grasp
raking/scratching
radial palmar

Answer 20

Grasp
Ulner palmar
Raking/Scratching
Radial Palmar

Question 21

Identify the specific types of sensations detected by the olfactory, gustatory, proprioceptive, and vestibular sensory systems, as well as the location of the receptors for these sensory systems.

Answer 21

Olfactory- Smell, Nose
Gustatory- Taste, Tongue
Propioceptive - Awareness of your body position, receptors are in the muscles and the joints

Question 22

Describe each of the 5 stages of Kopp’s developmental phases of infant self-control, including the typical age range at which each stage appears.

Answer 22

1. Neuropysciological modulation (birth to 2-3 months) modulation of arousal & activation or organized patterns of behavior
2. Sensorimotor modulation (3-9 months+): changes ongoing bahavior in response to stimuli
3. Control (12-18 moths +): Initiates, maintains, & ceases acts in response to social demands of situation: compliance and self-monitoring
4. Self-Control (24 moths+): Delays upon request, behaves according to social standards in absence ofl external monitors (learning the word no, sense of self)
5. Self-regulation (36 months +): Flexibility of control processes to meet changing situational demands (Increasing independence)

Question 23

Identify the typical age range (in months) when most infants begin to use single words to communicate with caregivers.

Answer 23

By about 12 months infants should have about 5 single words.