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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A
  • receives information from the world around us
  • transmits the information through the spinal cord/brain
  • processes the information in the brain
  • directs our body’s reaction to the world
  • controls our internal functions
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2
Q

2 types of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and glia

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3
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

___ transmits information

type of cell

A

neurons

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4
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

___ act as supporting cells and enhance neural activity

type of cell

A

glia

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5
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

neurons communicate with each other through _____

A

synapses

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6
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

neurons are organize in a precise order to form a _____

shape

A

circuit

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7
Q

all behavior arises from ____

A

neurons

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8
Q

what do sensory neurons do?

A

receive input

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9
Q

what do motor neurons do?

A

move the body

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10
Q

what are interneurons?

A

they process information between sensory and motor neurons

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11
Q

how many neurons?

roundworm

A

302 neurons

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12
Q

how many neurons?

sea slug (aplysia californica)

A

18,000 neurons

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13
Q

what did eric kandel do/win

A

nobel prize (2000) for chemical signals changed the structure of the connections between cells, known as synapses, where the signals are sent and received

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14
Q

purpose of the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex

A
  • shows the path of sensory to interneuron to motor neuron
  • touch tail -> sensing predator -> retract gill
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15
Q

how many neurons?

rat (rattuus norvegicus)

A

50 million neurons

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16
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

rest of body besides brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response

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19
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system

A

daily functions (rest and digest)

ex: maintaining temperature, digestion

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20
Q

what does the enteric nervous system

A

controls gut, colon, absorbs nutrients

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21
Q

more neurons =

A

more complex circuits -> more complex functinos

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22
Q

how many neurons?

humans (homo sapiens)

A

80 billion neurons

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23
Q

what happens to specific neurons that an individual may use more than the general public?

A

they may be large and more active

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24
Q

more closely related species =

A

more similar nervous system

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25
# true or false? in all animals, circuits formed by neurons drive behavior
true! | communciation between neurons (linear path) -> circuit -> drive behavior
26
what did camillo golgi do?
stained neuron in tissue to visual entire neuron and see structure
27
what did golgi staining reveal?
variety of neuron shapes
28
what did camillo golgi believe about neurons?
they were continuous like tubing
29
what did santiago ramon y cajal believe?
neurons came close to each other but do not touch
30
neuron doctrine
* each neuron is an independent unit * information must be transmitted **across gaps** between neurons (synapses)
31
# true or false neurons are polarized and have directionality
some neurites can only receive info, some can only send info | true!
32
what are dendrites
branches that stem from the soma
33
what are spines (post-synaptic dendritic)
mushroom-shaped protrusions from dendrites that receive info through chemical signals
34
input zone
where information/signals are received (where the dendrites are)
35
soma
cell body * takes all the info from multiple signals in the dendrites to form one final signal with **ONE** message
36
integration zone
processing all the information?
37
mitochondria
produce energy
38
cell nucleus
contains genetic instructions
39
ribosomes
translate genetic instructions into proteins
40
axon hillock (axon initial segment) | decision point
final location where integration occurs and the **decision** to generate an electrical communication signal is made
41
axon role #1 | (conduction zone), no spines
conduct electrical signal on the cell membrane | only ONE direction (down axon) and away from axon hillock
42
axon role #2 | (conduction zone), no spines
transport material between soma and axon terminal | can go in EITHER direction
43
anterograde
to axon terminal (forward)
44
retrograde
from axon terminal (backward) | proteins go back up
45
axon terminal (pre-synaptic) | (output zone)
* where the neuron transfers information to other cells * axon terminals from one neuron releases chemical signals onto many other neurons * electrical signals DO NOT cross gaps, but rather causes chemical molecules to float across synapse and connect with a spine to receive a signal
46
gap (synaptic cleft) | or synapse
where chemical signal released into gap
47
**electrical** signal ___ neuron | in/between
in
48
**chemical** signal _ neurons | in/between
between
49
types of glial cells | 3
* astrocytes * oligodendrocytes/schwann cells * microglial cells
50
astrocytes (star-shaped) | 4 things
* monitor and support the metabolic and biochemical needs of neurons * regulate synaptic signaling as part of the "tripartite synapse" * help form blood brain barrier by sitting between blood capillaries and neurons * react to brain injury (repair and scarring)
51
oligodendrocytes | location and purpose
* central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) * insulate axons by wrapping them in **myelin** to allow the signal to travel *faster*
52
schwann cells | location and purpose
* peripheral nervous system * insulate axons by wrapping them in **myelin** to allow the signal to travel *faster*
53
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
54
microglia | brain **immune cell**
* monitor local environment for threat or injury or viruses * migrate to injury site to remove debris/dead cells by secreting factors (astrocytes come in after to repair)
55
# summary neurons
* polarized * dendrites, soma, axon, axon hillock, axon terminals * synapses
56
# summary glia
* astrocytes * myelinating cells (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells) * microglia
57
structure =
function
58
horizontal plane
rostral (anterior) to caudal (posterior) | horizontal plane from front of eyes to back of head
59
sagittal plane
dorsal (top) to ventral (bottom) | vertical plane splitting left and right side of head
60
coronal plane
dorsal (top) to ventral (bottom) | vertical plane splitting front of head from back
61
Central Nervous System parts of body
braina and spinal cord
62
Peripheral nervous system parts of body
all parts of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord
63
# PNS nerves
bundles of axons in PNS
64
# PNS ganglia
clusters of neuron cell bodies distributed throughout body (near spine or near organs)
65
# PNS clusters of neurons =
group of axons * all go to same muscle
66
# PNS Peripheral Nervous System divided into 2 parts
somatic nervous system and autonnomic nervous system
67
# PNS somatic nervous system
nerves send information -> sense organs -> brain/spinal cord (nerves) -> skeletal muscles | voluntary movement
68
# PNS autonomic nervous system
nerves between brain/spinal and internal organs | involuntary movement (gut, lungs, diaphragm, kidneys)
69
# somatic nervous system within a nerve, different axons carry
sensory and motor information
70
# somatic nervous system dorsal root | in spinal cord
* sensory nerves * body to brain * closest to back * has left/right side that correspond to respective body side
71
# somatic nervous system ventral root | in spinal cord
* motor nerves * brain to body * front of spinal cord * has left/right side that correespond to respective body side
72
# autonomic nervous system 3 parts of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
73
# autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system | and neurostransmitter
* fight or flight * norepinephrine * opposing functions of parasympathetic | only increase/decrease function, do NOT run the function itself
74
# autonomic nervous system parasympathetic
* rest & digest * acetylcholine * opposing functions of sympathetic | only increase/decrease function, do NOT run the function itself
75

Behavioral Neuroscience (1 decks)

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