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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A
  • receives information from the world around us
  • transmits the information through the spinal cord/brain
  • processes the information in the brain
  • directs our body’s reaction to the world
  • controls our internal functions
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2
Q

2 types of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and glia

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3
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

___ transmits information

type of cell

A

neurons

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4
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

___ act as supporting cells and enhance neural activity

type of cell

A

glia

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5
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

neurons communicate with each other through _____

A

synapses

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6
Q

how does the nervous system control behavior

neurons are organize in a precise order to form a _____

shape

A

circuit

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7
Q

all behavior arises from ____

A

neurons

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8
Q

what do sensory neurons do?

A

receive input

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9
Q

what do motor neurons do?

A

move the body

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10
Q

what are interneurons?

A

they process information between sensory and motor neurons

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11
Q

how many neurons?

roundworm

A

302 neurons

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12
Q

how many neurons?

sea slug (aplysia californica)

A

18,000 neurons

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13
Q

what did eric kandel do/win

A

nobel prize (2000) for chemical signals changed the structure of the connections between cells, known as synapses, where the signals are sent and received

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14
Q

purpose of the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex

A
  • shows the path of sensory to interneuron to motor neuron
  • touch tail -> sensing predator -> retract gill
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15
Q

how many neurons?

rat (rattuus norvegicus)

A

50 million neurons

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16
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

rest of body besides brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response

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19
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system

A

daily functions (rest and digest)

ex: maintaining temperature, digestion

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20
Q

what does the enteric nervous system

A

controls gut, colon, absorbs nutrients

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21
Q

more neurons =

A

more complex circuits -> more complex functinos

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22
Q

how many neurons?

humans (homo sapiens)

A

80 billion neurons

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23
Q

what happens to specific neurons that an individual may use more than the general public?

A

they may be large and more active

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24
Q

more closely related species =

A

more similar nervous system

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25
Q

true or false?

in all animals, circuits formed by neurons drive behavior

A

true!

communciation between neurons (linear path) -> circuit -> drive behavior

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26
Q

what did camillo golgi do?

A

stained neuron in tissue to visual entire neuron and see structure

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27
Q

what did golgi staining reveal?

A

variety of neuron shapes

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28
Q

what did camillo golgi believe about neurons?

A

they were continuous like tubing

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29
Q

what did santiago ramon y cajal believe?

A

neurons came close to each other but do not touch

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30
Q

neuron doctrine

A
  • each neuron is an independent unit
  • information must be transmitted across gaps between neurons (synapses)
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31
Q

true or false

neurons are polarized and have directionality

A

some neurites can only receive info, some can only send info

true!

32
Q

what are dendrites

A

branches that stem from the soma

33
Q

what are spines (post-synaptic dendritic)

A

mushroom-shaped protrusions from dendrites that receive info through chemical signals

34
Q

input zone

A

where information/signals are received (where the dendrites are)

35
Q

soma

A

cell body
* takes all the info from multiple signals in the dendrites to form one final signal with ONE message

36
Q

integration zone

A

processing all the information?

37
Q

mitochondria

A

produce energy

38
Q

cell nucleus

A

contains genetic instructions

39
Q

ribosomes

A

translate genetic instructions into proteins

40
Q

axon hillock (axon initial segment)

decision point

A

final location where integration occurs and the decision to generate an electrical communication signal is made

41
Q

axon role #1

(conduction zone), no spines

A

conduct electrical signal on the cell membrane

only ONE direction (down axon) and away from axon hillock

42
Q

axon role #2

(conduction zone), no spines

A

transport material between soma and axon terminal

can go in EITHER direction

43
Q

anterograde

A

to axon terminal (forward)

44
Q

retrograde

A

from axon terminal (backward)

proteins go back up

45
Q

axon terminal (pre-synaptic)

(output zone)

A
  • where the neuron transfers information to other cells
  • axon terminals from one neuron releases chemical signals onto many other neurons
  • electrical signals DO NOT cross gaps, but rather causes chemical molecules to float across synapse and connect with a spine to receive a signal
46
Q

gap (synaptic cleft)

or synapse

A

where chemical signal released into gap

47
Q

electrical signal ___ neuron

in/between

A

in

48
Q

chemical signal _ neurons

in/between

A

between

49
Q

types of glial cells

3

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes/schwann cells
  • microglial cells
50
Q

astrocytes (star-shaped)

4 things

A
  • monitor and support the metabolic and biochemical needs of neurons
  • regulate synaptic signaling as part of the “tripartite synapse”
  • help form blood brain barrier by sitting between blood capillaries and neurons
  • react to brain injury (repair and scarring)
51
Q

oligodendrocytes

location and purpose

A
  • central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • insulate axons by wrapping them in myelin to allow the signal to travel faster
52
Q

schwann cells

location and purpose

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • insulate axons by wrapping them in myelin to allow the signal to travel faster
53
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

54
Q

microglia

brain immune cell

A
  • monitor local environment for threat or injury or viruses
  • migrate to injury site to remove debris/dead cells by secreting factors (astrocytes come in after to repair)
55
Q

summary

neurons

A
  • polarized
  • dendrites, soma, axon, axon hillock, axon terminals
  • synapses
56
Q

summary

glia

A
  • astrocytes
  • myelinating cells (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells)
  • microglia
57
Q

structure =

A

function

58
Q

horizontal plane

A

rostral (anterior) to caudal (posterior)

horizontal plane from front of eyes to back of head

59
Q

sagittal plane

A

dorsal (top) to ventral (bottom)

vertical plane splitting left and right side of head

60
Q

coronal plane

A

dorsal (top) to ventral (bottom)

vertical plane splitting front of head from back

61
Q

Central Nervous System parts of body

A

braina and spinal cord

62
Q

Peripheral nervous system parts of body

A

all parts of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord

63
Q

PNS

nerves

A

bundles of axons in PNS

64
Q

PNS

ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies distributed throughout body (near spine or near organs)

65
Q

PNS

clusters of neurons =

A

group of axons
* all go to same muscle

66
Q

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System divided into 2 parts

A

somatic nervous system and autonnomic nervous system

67
Q

PNS

somatic nervous system

A

nerves send information ->
sense organs ->
brain/spinal cord (nerves) ->
skeletal muscles

voluntary movement

68
Q

PNS

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves between brain/spinal and internal organs

involuntary movement (gut, lungs, diaphragm, kidneys)

69
Q

somatic nervous system

within a nerve, different axons carry

A

sensory and motor information

70
Q

somatic nervous system

dorsal root

in spinal cord

A
  • sensory nerves
  • body to brain
  • closest to back
  • has left/right side that correspond to respective body side
71
Q

somatic nervous system

ventral root

in spinal cord

A
  • motor nerves
  • brain to body
  • front of spinal cord
  • has left/right side that correespond to respective body side
72
Q

autonomic nervous system

3 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

73
Q

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

and neurostransmitter

A
  • fight or flight
  • norepinephrine
  • opposing functions of parasympathetic

only increase/decrease function, do NOT run the function itself

74
Q

autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic

A
  • rest & digest
  • acetylcholine
  • opposing functions of sympathetic

only increase/decrease function, do NOT run the function itself

75
Q
A

Behavioral Neuroscience (1 decks)

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