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Neurobiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system
Walls of cavities and limbs

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2
Q

Describe the visceral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system
Appendage organs in cavities
Functional invasion into somatic components (sweat glands/arrest or pili/blood vessels)

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3
Q

Describe the somatic motor system

A

1 cell system
Cell body in the CNS

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4
Q

Describe the visceral motor system

A

2 cell systems
1st cell body in CNS
2nd cell body in ganglia of PNS

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5
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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6
Q

What is the ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the CNS

Describe its make up

A

Neuron

Soma (cell body), dendrite, axons

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8
Q

Describe the soma of a neuron and its function

A

Cell body
1 in each neuron
Function: synthesizes functions

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9
Q

Describe the make up of a dendrite

A

0 - numerous extensions from the soma

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10
Q

Describe the axon of a neuron an its function

A

1 with multiple terminals

Hillock: connecting part with soma

Function: conducts electrical signals from body to terminals

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11
Q

What is the supportive unit of the central nervous system

A

Glia

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12
Q

What structures make up glia

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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13
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes that make up glia

A

Myelin sheath
Multiple axons

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14
Q

What is the function of astrocyte that make up glia

A

Nutrition
Glymphatic drainage

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15
Q

What is the function of microglia that makeup glia

A

Immune surveillance

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16
Q

Describe the ependymal cells that make up glia

A

Lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the functional unit of the peripheral nervous system

A

Neuron

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18
Q

Describe the neuron in the PNS

A

Functional unit

Dorsal root ganglion can have 2 axons

Visceral motor ganglionic neurons still multipolar

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19
Q

What is the supportive unit of the PNS

A

Glia

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20
Q

What are Schwann cells and where are they found in the PNS

A

Myelin sheath/microglia functions
Embeds 1 axon

Found in the glia

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21
Q

What are satellite cells and where are they found within the PNS

A

Specialized Schwann cells
Wrap ganglionic soma

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22
Q

Which visceral organs invade into the somatic wall

A

Sweat glands
A rector pili
Blood vessels

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23
Q

List the germ layers during embryonic development

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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24
Q

What creates the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc during development

What germ layer is this found

A

Notochord

in mesoderm

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25
Q

What forms muscles/bones/dermis

What germ layer is this from

A

Somites

In mesoderm

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26
Q

Describe how somites expand in the mesoderm during embryonic development

A

Folding dorsally
Driving force to form nervous system by ectoderm

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27
Q

The ectoderm closes dorsally to form the neural tube which creates the (PNS/CNS)

A

CNS

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28
Q

The cranial equal pore closes to form ____ for ___ development

A

Cranial neural pore

Brain development

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29
Q

No closure of the neural tube will cause what condition

A

Anencephaly

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30
Q

The neural tube creates what 2 pores

A

Cranial neural pore and caudal neural pore

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31
Q

The caudal neural pore closes for ______ development

A

Spinal cord development

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32
Q

No closure of the caudal neural pore can lead to what condition

A

Spina bifida

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33
Q

The neural crest forms the (CNS/PNS)

A

PNS

34
Q

What structures are included in the prosencephalon

A

(Forebrain)
Telencephalon, diencephalon

35
Q

What is the mesencephalon

A

Midbrian

36
Q

What is the rhombencephalon

What structures are included in the rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain

Metencephalon, myelencephalon

37
Q

What structures are within the metencephalon

A

Pins
Cerebellum

38
Q

What structures are within the myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

39
Q

How many cell bodies, dendrites, and axons can a neuron have?

A

1 cell body
0 - numerous dendrites
1 axon with many terminals

40
Q

What will happen if the cranial neuropore fails to close during embryo development

A

Anencephaly

41
Q

What areas of the brain are included within the forebrain

A

Cerebrum/telencephalon
Diencephalon

42
Q

What structures are included in the hindbrain

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata

43
Q

Describe the precentral gurus

A

Primary motor cortex, M1
Frontal lobe
Cingulate / central sulcus

44
Q

Describe the postcentral gurus

A

Primary sensory cortex S1
Parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus

45
Q

Describe gray matter

A

Somata and dendrites of neurons

46
Q

Describe white matter

A

Myelinated mixed with unmyelinated atonal bundles

47
Q

What are association fiber and where are they found within the brain

A

Neighboring gyri in the same hemisphere

Found in white matter

48
Q

What are long fibers and where are they found within the brain

A

Interlobar fibers

Found in association fibers within the white matter

49
Q

What are commissure/corpus callosum and where is it found within the brain

A

Cross-talking between 2 hemispheres

Found in white matter

50
Q

what are projection fibers and where are they found within the brain

A

Cerebral cortex to/from other sub cortical central nervous structures

51
Q

What are efferent fibers and what is their function

A

Axonal bundles to communicate with other structures

Signal exits to next axon

52
Q

What a afferent fibers and what are their function

A

Axonal bundles that send messages from other structures

Accepts message from previous axon

53
Q

What is the function of the left hemisphere

A

Language
Understand
Express, etc

54
Q

What is the function of the right hemisphere

A

Spatial orientation
Emotion
Prosody of language

55
Q

The left hemisphere of the brain controls what side of the body

A

Right

56
Q

The right hemisphere of the brain controls which side of the body

A

Left

57
Q

What are the 6 components of the basal nuclei

A

Caudate
Nucleus accumbens
Putamen
Globes pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus (in diencephalon)
Substantial migration (in midbrain)

58
Q

Where is the thalamus located

A

Lateral wall of 3rd ventricle

59
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located within the brain

A

Anterolateral wall of 3rd ventricle

60
Q

The diencephalon is the origination of what cranial nerve

A

CN II, optic nerve

61
Q

What structures are included in the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

62
Q

What are the functions of the pre and post central gyri

A

Pre: motor
Post: sensory

63
Q

What is the roster Al boundary

A

Mammillary body anteriorly and posterior commissure posteriorly

64
Q

What structures are included in the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncle
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral aqueduct

65
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle

A

Projection fibers from teh cerebral cortex

66
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus

What cranial nerve originates from the superior colliculus

A

Function: visual pathway

Nerve: CN III, oculomotor nerve

67
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus

What cranial nerve originates from the inferior colliculus

A

Auditory pathway, caudal boundary of midbrain and rostral boundary for pons

CN IV, trochlear nerve

68
Q

What cranial nerve is the only CN to attach posterior to brain stem

A

CN IV, trochlear nerve

69
Q

Where is the pons located

A

Floor of 4th ventricle

70
Q

What cranial nerve is located at the middle and lateral pons

A

CN V, trigeminal nerve

71
Q

List the cranial nerves that are located at the pontomedullary junction

A

CN VI, abducens
CN VII, facial
CN VIII, vestibulocochlear

72
Q

T/f
The pontomedullary junction is the caudal boundary at rostral boundary for medulla

A

True

73
Q

What cranial nerve is located on the pyramid of the medulla oblongata

A

CN XII, hypoglossal

74
Q

What cranial nerves are located on the olive of the medulla oblongata

A

CN IX, glossopharyngeal
CN X, vagus

75
Q

What is the caudal boundary and rostral boundary of the spinal cord

A

Foramen magnum

76
Q

A patient complains of RLE parenthesis and weakness post stroke. What side of the brain was effected?

A

Right

77
Q

Describe the cerebellum location in relation to other structures

A

Posterior to pons and medulla oblongata
Connection with brain stem

78
Q

How does the midbrain connect with the brain stem

Efferent / afferent

A

Superior cerebella’s prudence

Efferent

79
Q

How does the pons connect with brain stem

Efferent / afferent

A

Middle cerebella’s peduncle

Afferent

80
Q

What structures are within the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

81
Q

List the structures located in the brain stem

A

Medulla belong at a
Midbrain
Pons

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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