Exam 1 Flashcards
Describe the somatic nervous system
Voluntary nervous system
Walls of cavities and limbs
Describe the visceral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Appendage organs in cavities
Functional invasion into somatic components (sweat glands/arrest or pili/blood vessels)
Describe the somatic motor system
1 cell system
Cell body in the CNS
Describe the visceral motor system
2 cell systems
1st cell body in CNS
2nd cell body in ganglia of PNS
What is the nucleus
Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
What is the ganglion
Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
What is the functional unit of the CNS
Describe its make up
Neuron
Soma (cell body), dendrite, axons
Describe the soma of a neuron and its function
Cell body
1 in each neuron
Function: synthesizes functions
Describe the make up of a dendrite
0 - numerous extensions from the soma
Describe the axon of a neuron an its function
1 with multiple terminals
Hillock: connecting part with soma
Function: conducts electrical signals from body to terminals
What is the supportive unit of the central nervous system
Glia
What structures make up glia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Describe oligodendrocytes that make up glia
Myelin sheath
Multiple axons
What is the function of astrocyte that make up glia
Nutrition
Glymphatic drainage
What is the function of microglia that makeup glia
Immune surveillance
Describe the ependymal cells that make up glia
Lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
What is the functional unit of the peripheral nervous system
Neuron
Describe the neuron in the PNS
Functional unit
Dorsal root ganglion can have 2 axons
Visceral motor ganglionic neurons still multipolar
What is the supportive unit of the PNS
Glia
What are Schwann cells and where are they found in the PNS
Myelin sheath/microglia functions
Embeds 1 axon
Found in the glia
What are satellite cells and where are they found within the PNS
Specialized Schwann cells
Wrap ganglionic soma
Which visceral organs invade into the somatic wall
Sweat glands
A rector pili
Blood vessels
List the germ layers during embryonic development
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
What creates the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc during development
What germ layer is this found
Notochord
in mesoderm
What forms muscles/bones/dermis
What germ layer is this from
Somites
In mesoderm
Describe how somites expand in the mesoderm during embryonic development
Folding dorsally
Driving force to form nervous system by ectoderm
The ectoderm closes dorsally to form the neural tube which creates the (PNS/CNS)
CNS
The cranial equal pore closes to form ____ for ___ development
Cranial neural pore
Brain development
No closure of the neural tube will cause what condition
Anencephaly
The neural tube creates what 2 pores
Cranial neural pore and caudal neural pore
The caudal neural pore closes for ______ development
Spinal cord development
No closure of the caudal neural pore can lead to what condition
Spina bifida
The neural crest forms the (CNS/PNS)
PNS
What structures are included in the prosencephalon
(Forebrain)
Telencephalon, diencephalon
What is the mesencephalon
Midbrian
What is the rhombencephalon
What structures are included in the rhombencephalon
Hindbrain
Metencephalon, myelencephalon
What structures are within the metencephalon
Pins
Cerebellum
What structures are within the myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
How many cell bodies, dendrites, and axons can a neuron have?
1 cell body
0 - numerous dendrites
1 axon with many terminals
What will happen if the cranial neuropore fails to close during embryo development
Anencephaly
What areas of the brain are included within the forebrain
Cerebrum/telencephalon
Diencephalon
What structures are included in the hindbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Describe the precentral gurus
Primary motor cortex, M1
Frontal lobe
Cingulate / central sulcus
Describe the postcentral gurus
Primary sensory cortex S1
Parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Describe gray matter
Somata and dendrites of neurons
Describe white matter
Myelinated mixed with unmyelinated atonal bundles
What are association fiber and where are they found within the brain
Neighboring gyri in the same hemisphere
Found in white matter
What are long fibers and where are they found within the brain
Interlobar fibers
Found in association fibers within the white matter
What are commissure/corpus callosum and where is it found within the brain
Cross-talking between 2 hemispheres
Found in white matter
what are projection fibers and where are they found within the brain
Cerebral cortex to/from other sub cortical central nervous structures
What are efferent fibers and what is their function
Axonal bundles to communicate with other structures
Signal exits to next axon
What a afferent fibers and what are their function
Axonal bundles that send messages from other structures
Accepts message from previous axon
What is the function of the left hemisphere
Language
Understand
Express, etc
What is the function of the right hemisphere
Spatial orientation
Emotion
Prosody of language
The left hemisphere of the brain controls what side of the body
Right
The right hemisphere of the brain controls which side of the body
Left
What are the 6 components of the basal nuclei
Caudate
Nucleus accumbens
Putamen
Globes pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus (in diencephalon)
Substantial migration (in midbrain)
Where is the thalamus located
Lateral wall of 3rd ventricle
Where is the hypothalamus located within the brain
Anterolateral wall of 3rd ventricle
The diencephalon is the origination of what cranial nerve
CN II, optic nerve
What structures are included in the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
What are the functions of the pre and post central gyri
Pre: motor
Post: sensory
What is the roster Al boundary
Mammillary body anteriorly and posterior commissure posteriorly
What structures are included in the midbrain
Cerebral peduncle
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral aqueduct
What is the cerebral peduncle
Projection fibers from teh cerebral cortex
What is the function of the superior colliculus
What cranial nerve originates from the superior colliculus
Function: visual pathway
Nerve: CN III, oculomotor nerve
What is the function of the inferior colliculus
What cranial nerve originates from the inferior colliculus
Auditory pathway, caudal boundary of midbrain and rostral boundary for pons
CN IV, trochlear nerve
What cranial nerve is the only CN to attach posterior to brain stem
CN IV, trochlear nerve
Where is the pons located
Floor of 4th ventricle
What cranial nerve is located at the middle and lateral pons
CN V, trigeminal nerve
List the cranial nerves that are located at the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, abducens
CN VII, facial
CN VIII, vestibulocochlear
T/f
The pontomedullary junction is the caudal boundary at rostral boundary for medulla
True
What cranial nerve is located on the pyramid of the medulla oblongata
CN XII, hypoglossal
What cranial nerves are located on the olive of the medulla oblongata
CN IX, glossopharyngeal
CN X, vagus
What is the caudal boundary and rostral boundary of the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
A patient complains of RLE parenthesis and weakness post stroke. What side of the brain was effected?
Right
Describe the cerebellum location in relation to other structures
Posterior to pons and medulla oblongata
Connection with brain stem
How does the midbrain connect with the brain stem
Efferent / afferent
Superior cerebella’s prudence
Efferent
How does the pons connect with brain stem
Efferent / afferent
Middle cerebella’s peduncle
Afferent
What structures are within the hindbrain
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
List the structures located in the brain stem
Medulla belong at a
Midbrain
Pons
