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GP > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

-All disease have the molecular/ cellular bassis

A

true

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2
Q

DNA ->mrna -> protein

A

Central dogma

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3
Q

DNA -> mrna
Mrna-> protein

A

DNA -> mrna (transcription)
Mrna-> protein (translation)

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4
Q

RNA

A

A,c,g,u
Single stranded
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- Anticodons
- Codes for amino acids
mRNA has codons, the anti-codon is then attached to the amino acid and that how they’re added to this elongating polypeptide

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5
Q

DNA

A

Nucleosides
Antiparallel double helix
a, c, g, t

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6
Q

Histone proteins

A

determines how genes get transcribed

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7
Q
  • Either heterochromatin- inactive, dense

-euchromatin, unwind disperse, active

A

o Can be chemically modified which changes the way it binds to DNA, winds and unwinds and regulates the expression, transcription of them, chemically modified= can be methylated or acetylated

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8
Q

Enhancer and silencers

A

enhancer-increase transcption (segments of DNA that regulate transcription)

Silencer- decrease transcription

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9
Q

What part are the enhancers and silencers part of?

A

Part of the DNA sequence itself

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10
Q

Transcription factors – other proteins from other places that bind to DNA

What are some examples?

A

Activators and repressors

Activators bind to enhancers increases transcription AE
Repressors bind to silences decrease transcription RS
-PROTEINS (activators and repressors) RAP

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11
Q

Alterative splicing:

A
  • If you transcribe and keep all exons together can anchor igM, if you splice, then itll get secreted
  • Can be same gene and can have altering disease
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12
Q

NON-coding RNA

What are the housekeeping and which are the regulatory?

A
  • Housekeeping tRNA, rRNA
  • regulatory incRNA, sncRNA small, circular
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13
Q

micro-RNA

A

22 base pairs roughly 20 base pairs

-most of the time it leads to silencing of the gene (post translational), but can also stimulate

-modified, attaches to some proteins, bind to mrna can be repressed= silence the gene (double check)

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14
Q

siRNA- small interfering RNA

A
  • dsRNA: can be used to block certain genes (interfere with translation of specific mRNA)
  • useful in research to study the function of a gene
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15
Q

LncRNA- Regulate expression of the genes

A

1-long segments
2-modify gene expression
3-interact with transcription facts to increase or decrease expression of gene
4-bind to rna polymerase and cause it to transcribe a gene and allows for chemical modification and change in chemical leads to different expression
5-have a pivotal role in progression of disease
6-can be biomarkers or future targets for personalized medicine

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16
Q

Genetic variation (polymorphisms):

A

Within 0.5% we see susceptibility to disease

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17
Q

SNPS: single nucleotide polymorphisms

A
  • happens across the whole genome
  • if its next to a disease gene, can be used to track, (CAN BE A MARKER)
  • when occurs in noncoding regions can affect regulatory regions-> altered gene expression
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18
Q

copy number variation:

A
  • leads to variation between people
  • 1000 million of bases pairs repeated
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19
Q

Gene editing:

A
  • have CRISPER elements, repeated DNA with palindromic, can cut gene and replace it with a new gene, like if you have a bad gene can replace it with a better one
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20
Q

RER

A
  • has ribosomes make proteins, secreting them= secreting proteins
21
Q

SER

A

no proteins, making lipids, varies from cell to cell
- LIVER- drug detoxification
- helps make the protein but no transportation

22
Q

Golgi

A
  • packages, modifies, and transport out of the cell
23
Q

Proteosome

A
  • tags using ubiquitin, and degrades, helps break down bad proteins= peptide fragement= get rid of bad proteins
24
Q

Lysosome

A
  • damages organelles and micrbones
  • old organelles and lysosome fuse and exocytosis= destroys organelles and throws outside the cell
  • HELPS WITH EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL functions..
25
Q

Peroxisome

A
  • breaks down long chain fatty acids into h202 and catalase with them into water
26
Q

Mitochondria- apoptosis-

A

-mitochondrial DNA is unique
-maternally inherited from mother
-can shift things away and can produce lipids, nucleic acids and proteins instead; based on cellular signals, nutrients, and O2 availability
-regulate whether the cell undergoes cell death or not based on its ability to produce energy, central role in regulation of programmed cell death apoptosis and necrosis

27
Q

phospholipids

A
  • distributed asymmetrically; heterogenous collection
  • have protein component (integral transmembrane protein and negatively charges on inside, on the outside is bound to carbohydrate to form- Glycolipids and glycoproteins= glycocalyx= is a barrier and has a large role on how it interacts with other cells
  • PROTEINS INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR
  • cell-cell interactions
  • cell-matrix interactions
28
Q

Transport non charged?

A
  • passive diffusion:
    o2, co2, smaller polar molecules, urea, not charged = channel proteins
29
Q

transport pt2, what if charged?

A

if charged = then need carrier proteins because need energy to transport across aTP DEPENDANT

30
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

Inside cell- maintains a negative charge, and outside is positively charged to have a constant gradient – formed by sodium ATPASE, otherwise would have influx of water= cell swelling

31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

keeps shape of cell
Highway that connects everything together

32
Q

Actin

A

giving shape and movement

33
Q

Intermediate

A

tensile strength

34
Q

Microtubuiles

A

large fibrils that help move organelles aroundthe cell
-DIMER proteins made of tubulin
-KNOW MOVEMENT negative- near nucleus dynenin toward, positive- near cytosol elongates
-Core of cilia and flagella
-Helps move organelles throughout the cell
-2 chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer- the way to treat is to inhibit microtubule function and then cannot spread around to other organelles **= kills the cell

35
Q

Occluding jxns: tight junctions

A
  • Gastrointestinal epithelium, prevent movement of molecules between cells
  • Maintains cells polarity (apical and basal ends)
36
Q

Anchoring jnx: desomsomes

A
  • Help work as a unit, mechanically attaches the rest of the cell to each other and connects them to the cytoskeleton
37
Q

Communicating jxn:

A
  • Can transport ca2+ which helps the heart contract; cardiac muscle
  • Reduced permeability by lower pH or increased intracellular calcium
38
Q

Hemidesmosome

A
  • Connect the cell to a basement membrane, integrin proteins are adhesive component to hold that component of the hemidesmosome to the basement membrane
39
Q

ECM-outside the cell

A
  • Mechanical support and anchoring them to each other
  • Matrix controls whether cell proliferates, growth factors and nutrients= influence ability to grow
  • Create microenvironments.
  • Composed of: interstitial matrix (fibroblast, made by mesenchymal cells) and basement membrane that connects directly to epithelium
40
Q

Fibrous structural proteins

A
  • Collagen and elastin- tensile strength-
41
Q

Water hydrated gels- compressible

A

made byyyy proteoglycans
- Proteoglycans- water hydrated = provide resilience

42
Q

Adhesive glycogoproteins: link them together
3 of them???

A
  • fibronectin- connect ECM component to cells helps bind all the different components, a binding site (INTEGRINS, HEPARIN,FIBRIN all can bind (BINDING SITE)
    -laminin-attaches cells to basement membranes. connecting to basement membranes like type 4 collagen
    -integrins= ALSO like laminin connects basement membrane and connect extracellular matrix to cells
43
Q

How do cells communicate:

A

-Paracrine- affect the other cell
-Autocrine- cells signaling itseld
-Synaptic- neurons
-Endocrine- release in the bloodstream then goes to a distant site

44
Q

Intracellular- hydrophobic- cause transcription

A

-Activated by a lipid type molecule that can go through the membrane and bind through its receptor intracellularly , vitamin D and steroid horomone

45
Q

Cell surface-

A

=Ligand bind to it, open channels, activare g protein= lead to cell change/function

46
Q

What are examples of cell surface?

A

oKinase activity- add a phosphate residue
oNon receptor: ligand will beind and recruit a tryrosine kinase molecuels
oG protein- CAM (second messenger) multiple effects
oIp3- release ca2+
THESE ARE TWO MAIN WAYS that activate other things- STIMULATE

47
Q

Explain the method of growth factors? in this it would be cell surface

A

-1 activates g protein 2- stimulates second messanger molecules= leads to transcription of some molecule that change cell function

48
Q

Most signaling:

A

Cell function changes bc a change happen IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION= leads to undergo conformational changes (due to phosphorylation) and allows translocation to the nucleus, binding to DNA and alteration in transcription of genes.

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