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anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior vs Posterior view

A
  • ant = front
    -post = back
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2
Q

3 Anatomical Planes

A
  • median - plane longitudinally through the body (split the balls)
    -sagittal - planes parallel to median plane (cut the shoulders)
  • coronal - vertical planes passing through the body and right angles to median plane
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3
Q

Superficial vs intermediate vs deep

A
  • superficial - nearer to surface
  • intermediate - between superficial and deep
  • deep - farther from surface
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4
Q

Medial vs Lateral

A
  • medial - nearer to median plane (the pinky is on the medial side of the hand)
  • lateral - farther from median plane ( thumb is on the lateral side of the hand)
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5
Q

Posterior (dorsal) vs anterior (ventral)

A

-posterior - nearer to back (heel is posterior to the toes)
- anterior - nearer to the front (toes are anterior to the ankle)

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6
Q

Inferior (caudal) vs superior (cranial)

A
  • inferior - nearer to feet (stomach is inferior to the heart)
  • superior - nearer to head (heart is superior to the head)
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7
Q

Proximal vs Distal

A
  • distal - farther from trunk or point of origin
  • proximal - nearer to trunk
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8
Q

Dorsal vs Palmar

A
  • dorsal - top of hand/foot
    -palmar - palm side of hand/foot
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9
Q

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

A

Those on the same side of the body are referred to as ipsilateral, whereas those on different sides of the body are referred to as contralateral.

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10
Q

Flexion vs Extension

A

-Extension - opening of the joint, increasing angle
-Flexion - closing of the joint , decreasing angle

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11
Q

Abduction vs Adduction

A

-Abduction - moving limbs away from midline
- Adduction - moving limbs towards midline

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12
Q

Circumduction

A

Arm and leg circles

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13
Q

Opposition

A

Touching thumb to other fingers

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14
Q

Protrusion vs retrusion

A

Protrusion involves a movement going straight ahead or forward. Retrusion is the opposite and involves going backwards.

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15
Q

Elevation vs Depression

A

-elevation - rising jaw
- depression - lowering jaw

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16
Q

Eversion vs inversion

A

-inversion - sole of foot towards the body midline
-eversion - sole of foot away from midline

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17
Q

Pronation vs supination

A

When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated. When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated

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18
Q

Standard position of patient imaging

A

as we face the image our right side is the patients left side and our left side is the patients right side

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19
Q

Radiolucent

A

structures that permit the passage of the x-rays, tissues that are less dense, causing the representative areas appear black on the exposed film. Air permits easy passage of x-rays, less dense, therefore appears black on film. (Black air on xray)

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20
Q

Radiopaque/Radiodense

A

structures that do not permit the passage of x-rays, tissues that are very dense, causing the representative areas to appear light or white on exposed film. Bone does not permit passage of x-rays, very dense tissue therefore appears white on film. Soft tissue is the intermediate, some x-rays pass and some are blocked causing the areas to appear gray. (White bone on x-ray)

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21
Q

4 Types of Radiographic Densities

A
  • Gas = black
  • Fat = gray/black
  • Water = gray
  • Bone (metal) = white
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22
Q

radiographic image rule

A
  • to reduce the undesirable effect of magnification is to have the part of greatest interest closest to the film
    -most common x-ray practice is post-ant
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23
Q

Computer Tomography (CT)

A

abdomen with contrast, Axial (gives radiologic exposure, x-rays, to patient)

24
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

no radiologic exposure-Arm, Axial Puts the body in a strong magnetic pole system

25
Q

Ultrasound

A

allows health-care professionals to visualize structures, in real-time, superficial to deep by recording ultrasonic sound waves reflecting off the tissues

26
Q

Reading an MRI or CT Transverse Section Image

A

-Film is in standard position for viewing as previously discussed for plain (x-ray) films for right and left of the film.
-When viewing cross-sections (transverse) images, imagine that you, the health-care professional, are situated at the “foot-end of the bed” looking up towards the head-end of the patient. This is how you look at the film or monitor

27
Q

Oogenesis vs spermatogenesis

A

1 viable oocyte (finite resource) and 4 viable sperms (easily replenished)

28
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of homologous chromosomes
to separate, resulting in some gametes with extra
chromosomes, and others with not enough

29
Q

Week 1 of development

A
  1. ovulation
  2. fertilization (day 1)
  3. cleavage
  4. implantation into superior-posterior wall of uterus (implantation = pregnancy)
    Highlights:
    * Zygote divides into morula, a ball of ~16-32 cells
    * Blastocyst develops
    – Embryoblast (inner) -> the future embryo
    – Trophoblast (outer)-> embryonic contribution to placenta
    * Begin implantation into endometrium
    * Trophoblast divides into:
    – Syncytiotrophoblast -> invades endometrium
    – Cytotrophoblast -> contributes cells to syncytiotrophoblast
    & to future placenta
30
Q

Week 2 of development

A
  • Embryoblast differentiates into bilaminar disc (hypoblast and epiblast)
  • Cavities change & new ones appear:
    – Amniotic cavity forms within epiblast
    – Blastocyst cavity -> exocoelomic cavity -> primary umbilical vesicle
    – Secondary umbilical vesicle forms
    – Extra-embryonic coelom -> chorionic cavity
    – Chorionic cavity:
    houses the embryo, amniotic sac, & (secondary) umbilical vesicle
  • Primordial uteroplacental circulation will start to develop
31
Q

Early Nutrition: Yolk Sacs

A

-In Embryo: earliest directly from endometrium. Then, blood/nutrient supply
provided by Yolk Sac (Umbilical Vesicles) from ~week 2- latest week 12.
-Connected to gut tube via vitelline duct (aka: Omphalomesenteric duct or
yolk stalk ). ~12 wks Yolk Sac resorbed into primordial gut tube

32
Q

Early Utero-Placental
Circulation

A

-begins week 2
-Lacunar network will be replaced by
placenta
-Maternal placental contributions:
Decidual cells (from within
endometrium)
-Embryonic placental contribution:
Primary chorionic villa from
cytotrophoblas
-During weeks 4-12 placenta continues to mature & takes over
embryo/fetal nourishment by ~week 12 to 42+ weeks)
-Oxygen, nutrients
delivered to embryo/fetus via
Umbilical Vein

33
Q

Circulation: Highlights (note there will be overlap)

A
  • Early days: embryo nourished by endometrium and Yolk Sac (umbilical vesicles)
  • Early Week 2: lacunar network forms between mother & embryo
  • Later Week 2: Formation of placenta
    -maternal contribution: decidual cells of endometrium
    -embryonic contribution: chorionic villa of cytotrophoblast
  • Weeks 4-12: Maturation of placenta & placental barrier
    -umbilical vein: delivers oxygen & nutrients to embryo/fetus
    -umbilical arteries: transport wastes and CO2 away from embryo/fetus
    Placental barrier ensures most RBCs don’t mix between mother and fetus
    (but not 100% effective)
34
Q

Week 3 of development

A

-Gastrulation
-Bilaminar -> Trilaminar disc
-Begins with primitive streak
-All three layers from epiblast!

35
Q

Trilaminar Disc: derivatives

A

-Ectoderm (and neuroectoderm): epidermis, nervous
system, retina
-Mesoderm : muscles, connective tissue, bones, dermis
* paraxial (somites); intermediate (UG tract); lateral (body
walls)
* Notochord
-Endoderm: epithelial lining of respiratory & GI systems

36
Q

The notocord

A
  • Rod of mesoderm
  • Defines embryo’s midline
    (axis)
  • Signals ectoderm to start
    neurulation
  • Basis of axial skeleton
  • Remains as nucleus
    pulposus (intervertebral
    disc)
37
Q

Neurulation

A

-Neural Tube -> Central Nervous System
-Neural Crest -> Peripheral Nervous System cells, facial bones…
and more!
-Clinical correlates:
-Spina Bifida:
Failure of the caudal neuropore to close
properly during the 1st month of pregnancy
-Anencephaly:
-Failure of the rostral neuropore to close
properly during the 1st month of pregnancy

38
Q

Late week 3 with the lateral mesoderm

A

-Somatopleure -> Becomes body walls
-Splanchnopleure -> Becomes the gut wall
-Intra-embryonic coelom -> Body cavities

39
Q

Week 4 Folding

A

-Folding of lateral walls
-makes visible remnant on pregnant belly : Linea Nigra. This line develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. It actually
represents the resultant “seam” of lateral folding during the mother’s/surrogate’s own
embryological development.
-Clinical Correlates: Folding “Failures””
Gastroschisis and Ectocardia

40
Q

Week 4 Paraxial Mesoderm :

A

-Somites
Each somite forms 3 segments:
1. Sclerotome
 vertebrae and ribs (affected by spina bifida)
2. Myotome
 muscle mass w/ spinal nerve
3. Dermatome
 dermis layers of skin w/ spinal nerve

41
Q

Week 3-4 Highlights

A

Bilaminar disc develops into a trilaminar disc via
gastrulation
– Embryonic ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm (all from epiblast)
* Notochord forms and signals ectoderm to begin neurulation
– Neural tube becomes CNS & Neural crest cells become part of PNS
(and other structures)
* Lateral mesoderm divides via coelomic vesicles
– Somatopleura (somatic mesoderm + ectoderm) -> body wall
– Splanchnopleura (splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm) -> gut walls
– Intra-embryonic coelom -> future body cavities (e.g., where your
abdominal organs will be located)
* Paraxial mesoderm organizes into somites. (week 4)
– Somites organize into sclerotomes, myotomes, and dermatomes

42
Q

Vertebral Column: Overview

A

-C1-7
-T1-12
-L1-5
-S1-5
-Co1-4

43
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

C1-7

44
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1-12

45
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

L1-5

46
Q

Abnormal Curvatures of the spine

A

Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

47
Q

Superficial Back Joints

A

-Acromioclavicular Joint:
-relatively weak plane joint with limited
mobility
-some rotation of the acromion process
occurs here accompanied by
movement
-Sternoclavicular Joint:
mobile saddle joint surrounded by strong
ligaments
all scapular motion is accompanied by
movement
-Glenohumeral Joint:
-extremely mobile and relatively
weak
-motion at this joint is often
accompanied by motion at the
sternoclavicular and
acromioclav

48
Q

Scapular Movements

A

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inferior rotation, superior rotation

49
Q

Fascia

A

Superficial Fascia:
* Subcutaneous tissue
* Primarily adipose tissue
* Varies in thickness
Deep Fascia:
* Dense connective tissue layer
* Lies deep to superficial fascia
Investing Fascia:
* Extensions of deep fascia surrounding
muscles & neurovascular bundles

50
Q

Extrinsic Back Muscles

A

-Superficial Extrinsic mm
* Move upper limb
-Deep Extrinsic mm
* Accessory mm of respiration

51
Q

Trapezius

A

-Origins = midline:
occipital bone, nuchal lig, cervical & thoracic spinous
processes
-Insertions = upper limb:
Scapular spine, acromion process, 1/3 of clavicle
-Actions = varies by fibers:
Elevate & depress scapula
Retract scapula
Superiorly rotate scapula
Extend/laterally flex neck
-Innervation =
Accessory n (CN XI)
* Exits via jugular foramen
* Innervates Trapezius &
Sternocleidomastoid mm
* Runs with transverse cervical arter

52
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

-Origins = midline:
Spinous processes of lower thoracic verts,
thoracolumbar fascia
-Insertions = upper limb:
Anterior humerus (intertubercular sulcus)
*Note: wraps medially and around to front of arm
-Actions =
ADDucts, extends, & medially rotates arm
Can also attach to inferior angle of scapula and
assist with scapular movements (retraction,
inferior rotation

53
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

-Origins = midline:
Transverse processes of C1-C4
-Insertions = upper limb:
Superior part of medial border of scapula
-Actions =
Elevates & inferiorly
rotates scapula
Assist with neck
extension

54
Q

Rhomboids

A

-Rhomboid minor
O: Spinous processes of C7-T1
I: med border scapula, @ spine

-Rhomboid major
O: Spinous processes of T2-T5
I: med border scapula, inf to
spine

Actions
Retract & elevate scapula, inf
rotation

55
Q

Deep Extrinsic Back Muscles
“Intermediate” muscle layer

A

-Serratus Posterior Superior
O: spinous processes of C7-T3
I: superior borders ribs 2-5
A: elevates ribs
-Serratus Posterior Inferior
O: spinous processes of T11-L2
I: inferior borders or ribs 8-12
A: depresses ribs
-Both are accessory muscles of respiration &
important in proprioception
-Innervation:
intercostal nerves (ventral primary rami)
SPS
SPI
R’s

56
Q

Cutaneous Innervation

A

-Cutaneous nerves (and vessels) pierce muscles on way to
skin at regular intervals.
-Correspond to dermatomes (segmental pattern from
development, representing a single spinal nerve level).

anatomy (3 decks)

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