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Pathophysiology Taylor > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiologic (functional)

A

Changes in body related to disease process

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes

Maintain=good health
Not maintained= disease

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3
Q

Factors that might alter what is considered “normal”?

A

Age, gender, genetics, environment, activity level

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4
Q

Seven steps for health

A
  1. Tabacoo and vape:do not smoke, causes cancer, damages lungs vast constricts bloodvessels = heart squeezes harder and wearsheart out by increasing heart size, avoid second-hand smoke
  2. Nutrition:diet, healthy options,heavy infruirs and veggies non processed foods, lean meats, heathy fats, eat 5-10 servings of fruits and veggies a day, nigh fiber foods, limit alcohol intake
  3. Physical activity: 30 minutes a day 15 days a week,moderate activity, strength training to help bones,helps with heart and lungs
  4. Protection from the sun
  5. Follow cancer screening guidelines
  6. Doctor ordentist visit if any changes in the normal state of health
    7.follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials
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5
Q

Disease prevention Stages 1-3

A

Primary: protect people from disease or injury in the first place
Secondary: after diagnosis, or identification of risk factor, stop in early stages,limit long-term disability,prevent recurrent injury Tertiary:helping people manage chronic illness, prevent further deterioration, maximize quality of life

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6
Q

Screenings are what in disease process?

A

Secondary

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7
Q

Healthy lifestyle and vaccines are what in disease process?

A

Primary

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8
Q

Post acute episode, rehab are what in disease process?

A

Tertiary

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9
Q

All of the following are part of the seven steps to health, except:
A. Follow cancer screening guidelines
B. Use of sunblock agents whenever expose.
C. choose high fiber, your fat foods.
D. Participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis.

A

D. Participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis.

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10
Q

Gross level

A

In total

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11
Q

Biopsy

A

Excision, removal of small amounts of living tissue

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12
Q

Autopsy

A

Examination of the body and organs afterdeath

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13
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identification of a disease

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14
Q

Etiology

A

Causes of factors in a disease

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15
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown causes of a disease

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16
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Error treatment/procedure may cause the disease
Ex. Folly, central line

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17
Q

Predisposing factors

A

Age, gender, inherited factors, environment
Ex. Smoking

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18
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Preserve heath; prevent spread of disease

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19
Q

Prevention

A

Vaccinations, diet, etc.

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20
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Development of a disease

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21
Q

Onset: insidious

A

Gradual onset; mild symptoms

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22
Q

Onset:sudden example

A

Ex. Heart attack

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23
Q

Acute

A

Short term

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24
Q

Chronic

A

Long term

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25
Q

Subclinical state

A

Early stages of the disease

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26
Q

Latent incubation period

A

Caught the infection but has not started
Ex. Covid

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27
Q

Prodromal period

A

Nonspecific sings, feeling off

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28
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

Signs and symptoms

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29
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms

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30
Q

Remission

A

Period of time where signs and symptoms calm down

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31
Q

Exacerbation

A

Time where signs and symptoms flair up

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32
Q

Precipitating factors

A

Triggers

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33
Q

Sequelae

A
  • Sometimes that happened because of an acute event
  • potential unwanted outcome
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34
Q

Convalescence

A

Recovery getting back to the wanted state

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35
Q

What’s the following would be the most likely cause of a error iatrogenic disease?
A. An inherited disorder.
B. And unwanted affects of a prescribed drug.
C. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment.
D. A combination of specific etiology logical factors.

A

B. And unwanted affects of a prescribed drug.

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36
Q

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the
A. Subjective feeling of discomfort during a chronic illness.
B. Signs and symptoms of the disease.
C. Factors that precipitate in acute episode of chronic illness.
D. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.

A

B. Signs and symptoms of a disease

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37
Q

Prognosis

A

A predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific dose

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38
Q

Morbidity

A

Disease rates within a group

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39
Q

Mortality

A

Number of deaths resulting from a disease

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40
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • tracking the pattern or occurrence of the disease
  • major data collection centers: WHO and CDC
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41
Q

Epidemiology: incidence

A

Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period

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42
Q

Epidemiology: prevalence

A

Number of old, or existing case within a given population and time period

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43
Q

Epidemiology: epidemic

A

Higher-than-expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area

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44
Q

Epidemiology: pandemic

A

Higher number of infectious diseases on global level

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45
Q

Prognosis: communicable disease

A

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another
Ex. STD, MRSA,measles -

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46
Q

Prognosis: noticeable or reportable disease

A

Must report by the physician to authorities
Authorities very with local jurisdiction
Reporting is to prevent further spread of the disease
Ex. STD, COVID

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47
Q

The best definition of the term prognosis is the:
A.precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
B.number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness
C. Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease
D. Exacerbation occurring during chronic illness

A

C. Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease

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48
Q

A situation when there is a higher-than- expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area is called a/ an
A. Epidemic
B. Pandemic
C. Exacerbation
D. Outbreak

A

A. Epidemic

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49
Q

Atrophy:

A

Decrease in tissue mass
Ex. Broken arm

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50
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase number of cells enlargement of tissue mass
Ex. Pregnancy

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51
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Muscle mass

Ex. Body builder

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52
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replaced normal cells that should not be there
Ev. Lung - chronic smoker

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53
Q

Byplasia

A

Abnormally shaped cells

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54
Q

Neoplasia

A

New cell growth, also known as a tumor, new and uncontrolled growth
Ex. Papsmire

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55
Q

Cell damage cause x6

A
  1. physical damage: excessive heat or cold exposure.
  2. Mechanical damage: pressure or tearing of tissue
  3. Chemical toxins: exogenous- from environment,,,, endogenous: from inside the body
  4. Microorganisms: bacteria, virus, and fungi
  5. Abnormal metabolites:genetic disorders, inborn errors of metabolism
  6. Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
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56
Q

Cell damage: apoptosis

A

Refer to programmed cell death
Normal occurrence in the body

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57
Q

Cell damage: ischemia

A

Deficit of oxygen in the cells

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58
Q

Cell damage: hypoxia

A

Reduced oxygen in the tissue

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59
Q

Cell damage

A

Nutritional defects

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60
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

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61
Q

Necrosis, infarction

A

Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation

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62
Q

Necrosis

A

Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration

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63
Q

Gangrene

A

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria:wet, dry, gas

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64
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A

Dead cells liquefy of release of cell enzymes

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65
Q

Coagulate necrosis

A

Cell proteins are altered or denatured- coagulation

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66
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Form of coagulation necrosis and thick, yellowish, “cheesey” substance forms

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67
Q

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Neoplasia

A

A.dysplasia

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68
Q

When prolonged ischemic occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as:
A. Atrophy
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Infarction

A

D. Infarction

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69
Q

First line defense

A

Nonspecific general defense

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70
Q

Second line

A

Inflammatory response (nonspecific)

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71
Q

Third line

A

Immune response (specific)

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72
Q

Inflammation goal

A

Localize and remove an injurious agent

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73
Q

Inflammation goal

A

Localize and remove an injurious agent

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74
Q

Infamination signs X5

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function

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75
Q

Steps of inflammation

A

Chemical mediators-histamine-bradykinin- increased blood flow and capillary permeability

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76
Q

Why do we want to increase blood flow and capillary permeability?

A

Increase flow of blood to the area to heal it and get rid of it and start the healing process and fight off whatever it is… Vasodialate

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77
Q

How do these steps cause the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Swelling: influx of blood and fluid in the area to try and fight it off
  2. And 3. Heart redness: increase blood flow
  3. Pain: pressing on a nerve
  4. Loss of function: super swollen and loss of movement
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78
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of messenger to the rest of the body help = warning signs of chemical messengers

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79
Q

Steps of inflammation X5

A
  1. damage cells release their content and break in skin allows bacteria to enter the tissue.
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Draws neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury.
  4. Neutrophils, phagocytosis bacteria
  5. Monocytes in macrophages, enter tissue from blood and phagocytosis microbes
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80
Q

Steps of inflammation: vascular response

A

Blood flow, vasodilation, and capillary permeability
- may also have an immune response and or clotting response depending on type of injury

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81
Q

Steps of inflammation: cellular response

A

Chemotaxis, drawing in cells to affected area

  • may also have an immune response and or clotting response depending on type of injury
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82
Q

What to see at site of injury?

A

Heat, redness, pain, loss of movement, swelling, exudate, allergies, burns, fibirnous-thick, sticky, increase risk for scaring pus, bacteria,abscess in solid tissue

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83
Q

Systemic effects x5

A
  1. Mild pyrexia=low grade fever
  2. Malaise-feeling of unwellness
    3.fatigue = more tired than usual
  3. Headache
  4. Anorexia-loss of appetite
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84
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC - white blood cells

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85
Q

Example of indicator of inflammation- nonspecific

A

CPR and ESR

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86
Q

Shift to the left

A

Body is working overtime to pump WBC to fight infection

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87
Q

Eosinophils

A

Allergies

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88
Q

what is Increased plasma protein doing?

A

Creating more cells

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89
Q

Chronic inflammation exacerbation

A

May have periodic exacerbation with acute inflammation
Worse before they get better

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90
Q

What do aspirin and NSAIDs do?

A

Decrease prostaglandin synthesis
Stomach irritation and ulcers
Interfere with blood clotting

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91
Q

What does corticosteroids do?

A
  • Decrease capillary permeability, reduce number of leukocytes and must cells, block immune response
    Osteoporosis
    Delayed healing and growth
    High blood pressure, edema, and sugar
    Risk of infection
    Adrenal crisis-must taper off slowly
92
Q

Rice

A

R: rest
I: ice
C: Compress
E: elevate

93
Q

Types of healing x3 r’S

A
  1. Resolution: minimal tissue damage; short healing time
  2. Regeneration: damage to tissue, cells are capable of mitosis
  3. Extensive tissue damage: cells are in capable of mitosis
    -Fill the gap only
    - not normal, functional tissue
94
Q

Intention Healing

A

First intention: small wounds and clean wounds
Second intention: large wounds, debris, present, bottom up, healing, more scarring, longer time to heal, greater risk for infection

95
Q

Stages of healing x3

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Proliferation
  3. Remodeling: scar formation
96
Q

Complications R/T Scarring

A

Loss of function, contractors, and obstructions, adhesions, hypertrophy of scar tissue, ulceration

97
Q

Types of burns X6

A

Thermal, chemical, radiation, electricity, light, friction

98
Q

Severity of the burn depends on

A

Cause, temperature, extent of the burn surface, site of the injury

99
Q

1st degree burn

A

Epididymis, upper dermis, only, red, painful, heal without scarring, sunburn, mild scalp

100
Q

2nd degree burn

A

epidermis and dermis, red, swollen, blistered, painful, waxy with reddened margin, risk for infection, scarring

101
Q

3rd degree burn

A

All layers of skin, charge, skin, eschar, painless, required skin graft

102
Q

4th degree burn

A

Effect muscle and bone, all layers of skin, painless, charred skin, skin graft

103
Q

Percentage of body surface are burns

A

https://www.openanesthesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/12/Burn-Injuries_Initial-Evaluation-and-Management_figure-2-04zyb4-e1673546848838.jpg

104
Q

Classification for major burns

A

Burns to hand, feet, face, ears, or genitalia
Inhalation affecting airway
10% for elderly
20% for adults
30% for children
Electrical injuries affect everything it’s touched and causes cardiac dysrhythmias

105
Q

Emergency treatment for burns

A

Cover the burn area by soaking it with cool or timid water slightly above body temperature
Use sterile gauze to cover loosely
For a chemical burn, remove any affected clothing and flush the burn area well with cold water, then cover it with a clean cloth

106
Q

Burn and shock treatment

A

Treat with fluids

107
Q

Burn and respiratory problems treatment

A

treat with oxygen and watch respiratory status closely

108
Q

Burn an infection treatment

A

barriers down, decreased perfusion, may lead to septic shock, treat with antibiotics cleansing of wound

109
Q

Burn and increase, metabolic demand treatment

A

lots of proteins at exudate, stress response, increase tissue demand for healing, treat with increase protein carbs and caloric intake

110
Q

Point of tenderness

A

Push on that area and it is going to hurt

111
Q

Periosteum

A

Outside/lining of the bone

112
Q

Fractures

A

Initiate an inflammatory response and homeostasis
Edema causes stretching of periosteum and swelling of soft tissue causing severe pain

113
Q

Fracture Healing X8

A
  1. Hematoma: fibrin formed
  2. phagocytes cells: clean
  3. Fibroblast: lay down callagen fibers
  4. Chondroblast: new fiber formed
  5. Format noon of procallus
  6. Osteoblast: new bone
  7. Procallus: replace Old money callus
  8. Remodeling of bone-use
114
Q

Fracture affecting healing

A
  • Presence of material or infection
  • blood supply to fracture site ‘smoking, cirrulation)
115
Q

Potential factor complications

A

Muscle spasms, infection ischemia fat emboli, nerve damage, failure to heal residual effects

116
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Edema within one area, the compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue
Compressed arterial supply = less perfusion
Ischemia and infarction of tissues may occur
A tight cast can cause compartment syndrome

117
Q

Treatment for fracture

A

Check pulse in Century function distal to the fracture

118
Q

Dislocation clinical manifestations

A

Deformity of the joint
Limited range of motion
Pain, swelling, tenderness

119
Q

Sprain

A

Tear in the ligament

120
Q

Strain

A

Tear in a tendon

121
Q

Muscle tear treatment

A

Apply cold to help reduce the internal bleeding
Compression bandage

122
Q

Fat emboli

A

Fat Gobles released into the bloodstream
Common and femur fractures

123
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreasing bone density and mass
Diagnosis is bones density scan

124
Q

Osteoporosis patho

A

Phone reabsorption exceeds formation
Result in loss of compact bone
Thin, fragile, bones, more liable for fractures
Compression fractures of vertebrae, wrist or hip
Can lead to kyphosis and scoliosis

125
Q

Osteoporosis predisposing factors

A

Age 50 and older
Decreasing mobility sedentary lifestyle
Small white bone structures
Hormone factors
Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
Cigarette smoking
Excessive caffeine intake

126
Q

Osteoporosis manifestations

A

Nerve, back, or neck pain
Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
Lots of height
Stooped posture
Spontaneous fractures
Poor fracture healing

127
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

Dietary supplement: calcium and vitamin D
Weight-bearing exercises
Hormone replacement increases the risk for cancer
Bisphosphonales
Fluoride supplementes
Calcitonin

128
Q

Rickets

A

Leads to weak bones and other skeletal deformities
In children
Results from deficient of vitamin D, and phosphate
Causes: dietary deficiency, malabsorption, intake of phenobarbital, lack of sun exposure

129
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Adults
Soft bones = compression fractures
Causes: dietary deficiency, malabsorption, intake of phenobarbital, lack of sun exposure

130
Q

Paget disease

A

40+
Replacement a bone by fibrous tissue, an abnormal bone
Pathological fractures are common
Elevated calcium levels
Invertebrate = kyphosis
In skull= increased pressure = headaches compression of cranial nerves = severe pain

Large weak bones

131
Q

An older adult female has a bone density test that reveals severe osteoporosis. What does the nurse understand? Can be a problem for this client due to the G Crescent bone mass and density?
A. Diabetes.
B. Hypertension
C. Compression fractures
D. Cardiac disease

A

c. Compression fractures

132
Q

The nurse is planning an education program for women of childbearing years. What does the nurse recognizes the primary prevention of osteoporosis?
A. Engaging in non-weight-bearing exercises daily
B. Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
C. Undergoing assessment of serum calcium levels every year.
D. Having a DXA beginning at age 35 years.

A

B. Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake

133
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Bone infection caused by bacteria and fungi
Treatment: antibiotics possible surgery

134
Q

Types of curved spines X3

A

Lordosis: curving inward at the lower back
Kyphosis, hunchback, or humpback
Scoliosis: S or C-shaped spine

135
Q

Lordosis cause

A

Achondroplasia, obesity, dicitis, something forward of the vertebrae

136
Q

Kyphosis causes

A

Poor posture, spina bifida, cognitive defects, spinal tumor, infections

137
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

Common and adolescence, and usually in the shaft of long bones likes to go to lungs

138
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Most common primary neoplasm of bone
Bone pain at rest is a warning sign for cancer
Long bone in both legs

139
Q

A nurse is caring for a client who has a cute osteomyelitis. Which of the following interventions is the nurses priority?
A. Provide the client was antipyretic therapy
B. Administer antibiotics to the client.
C. increase the clients protein intake
D. Teach relaxation breathing to reduce the clients pain

A

B. Administer antibiotics to the client.

140
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic disorders
Deficit of dystrophin leads to the degeneration and necrosis of the cell
Duchenne in the most common type and affects young boys

141
Q

Manifestations of muscular dystrophy

A

Early motor weakness
Struggle with GOW ER maneuver, pushing up to erect positions
Cardiomyopathy

No cure!!!

142
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Group of disorders, characterized by pain and stiffness of muscles and surrounding soft tissues
No obvious signs of inflammation or degeneration
Unknown cause

143
Q

Clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia

A

Muscle fatigue generalize chronic aching pain

144
Q

Diagnosis of fibromyalgia

A

Presence of pain in at least 12 to 18 tender points

145
Q

Treatment of fibromyalgia

A

Stress, avoidance, or reduction
Low-dose antidepressant
Regular exercise in the morning
Pease activity and rest as needed
Analgesic drugs
Applications of heat or massage

146
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative wear and tear joint disease
Primary form is weight-bearing, obesity, aging, smoking
Secondary form follows, trauma, repetitive use
Genetic factors thought to play a role
Weight-bearing joints, most frequently affected but finger joints also involved

147
Q

Patho of osteoarthritis

A

Articular Cartlidge is damaged
Surfless Cartlidge becomes worn
Pain with weight-bearing use
Inflammation

148
Q

Manifestations of osteoarthritis

A

Aching joint pain with weight-bearing a movement
Limited range of motion
May be a symmetric
Crepitus
No systemic signs

149
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Considered an auto immune disorder
Causes chronic systemic, inflammatory disease

150
Q

Patho of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Synovitis inflammation of synovial membranes, Mark, inflammation, cell proliferation
Pannus formation
Cartilage erosion
Fibrosis
Ankylosis

151
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis manifestations

A

Symmetrical joints affected
Joint stiffness occurs at Russ, improved with movement
Elite joint deformity
Rheumatoid or subcutaneous, nodules can form on tuna ulna, pleura, heart valves, or eyes

152
Q

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis JRA

A

Onset is more acute than adults
Systemic affects or more March, but rheumatoid nodules are absent

153
Q

A nurse is teaching a client about risk factors for osteoarthritis, which of the following factors should the nurse include in the teaching? (select all that apply)
A. Bacteria.
B. Diuretics.
C. Aging
D. Obesity.
E. Smoking

A

C. aging
D. Obesity.
E. Smoking

154
Q

A nurse is in a providers office in assessing a client who has rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following findings is a late manifestation of this condition?
A. Anorexia.
B. Knuckle deformity.
C. Low-grade fever.
D. Weight loss

A

B. Knuckle deformity

155
Q

Infectious (septic) arthritis

A

Develops in single joint
Joint is red, swollen painful with decreased movement
Cause:
Direct introduction of bacteria into joint
Treatment:
With antimicrobial over sustained; Often requires IV administration.

156
Q

Gout

A

Results from deposit of uric acid,, and crystals and joint, causing inflammation
Often affects a single joint, such as the big toe
Formation of tophus large hard nodule of your urare Crystal

157
Q

Gout, diet modifications

A

Avoid alcohol
Red meats
Lamb
pork
Seafood
High sugars
Ice cream

158
Q

A nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with gout, who is being educated about appropriate meal selections. Which meal option should the nurse recommend to the patient to help manage gout effectively?
A. Grilled chicken salad with mixed greens, cherry, tomatoes, cucumbers, lowfat vinaigrette.
B. Spaghetti Bolognese made with lean ground beef, whole wheat, pasta, and a tomato based sauce.
C. Fried shrimp served with mashed potatoes and steamed broccoli on the side.
D. Cheeseburger with fries and a soft drink.

A

A. Grilled chicken salad with mixed greens, cherry, tomatoes, cucumbers, and a low fat vinaigrette.

159
Q

Patient with a history of girl is planning a meal with their family. What does our options to the nurse advise the patient to avoid due to its potential to a trigger gout attack.
A. Fresh fruit, salad with strawberries, blueberries, and watermelon.
B. Chocolate cake with whipped cream frosting
C. Frozen yogurt with mixed nuts and honey drizzle.
D. Vanilla, ice cream, topped with caramel sauce, and sprinkles.

A

D. Vanilla, ice cream topped with caramel sauce and sprinkles.

160
Q

A nurse is completing discharge instructions with a client following an acute onset of gout. Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the treatment regimen?
A. I will closely follow a High Perrine diet.
B. I will limit my fluid intake to 1 L per day.
C. I will take one aspirin every day.
D. I will limit my alcohol intake.

A

D I will limit my alcohol intake

161
Q

A nurse is teaching a client who has a new diagnosis of acute bursitis in her right shoulder. Which of the following self-care strategies should the nurse recommend?
A. Range of motion exercises
B. Intermittent ice and heat.
C. Elevation of the right arm.
D. Cortical steroid therapy.

A

B. Intermittent ice and heat.

162
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Chronic, progressive, inflammatory disorder of the vertebral joints that lead to a rigid spine

163
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis patho

A

‘Vertebral joints become inflamed
Fibrosis and calcification of fusion of the joints
Loss mobility
Inflammation in lower back
Osteoporosis is common

164
Q

Ankylosis, spondylitis, manifestations, and treatment

A

Manifestations:
Spine becomes more rigid with impaired flexion, extension and rotation
Stiffness in the morning
Lower back pain
Treatment:
Sleep in a supine position
NSAIDs

165
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursa
Most common cause is repetitive on a particular joint

166
Q

SYNOVITIS

A

Information of the synovial membranes
Movement of the joint is restricted and painful

167
Q

Tendinitis

A

Irritation of the tendon
To treat rest, apply ice

168
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature, bone cell

169
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone producing cell

170
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone reabsorbing cell

171
Q

Fracture types and classifications

A

See notes

172
Q

Urinalysis

A

Straw-colored with mild odor
Normal urine specific gravity is 1.010-1.050
Cloudy: large amounts of bacteria, puss, blood
Dark colored = dehydration: hematuria, excessive, bilirubin, or highly concentrated urine
Unpleasant or unusual color: infection from certain dietary components or medication

173
Q

Urinalysis: abnormal findings

A

Blood hematuria
Elevator protein level proteinuria and albuminuria
Bacteria bacteriuria
Urinary cast : indicate inflammation of kidney tubules
Specific gravity
Glucose and ketones

174
Q

Blood test

A

GFR: renal function
Bun and CRE: elevated serum Andrea and serum creatinine levels: failure to excrete, nitrogen waste, decrease in GFR
Metabolic acidosis: failure to control acid base, balance, and decrease in GFR
Anemia : decrease in erythroprotein, secretion, and bone marrow depression
Electrolytes antibody level
Elevated rain in levels: indicates kidney as a cause of hypertension

175
Q

More urine test

A

Culture and sensitivity: what organism and help select appropriate antibiotics
Cystoscope: To see inside lower urinary track
Radiologic test: see inside

176
Q

Diuretic drugs

A

Used to remove excess, sodium ions and water from the body
Reduces the fluid volume and tissue in blood
Increase excretion of water through the kidneys
Educate patient taking the morning
Adverse effect is hypokalemia
Loss of electrolytes in muscle weakness, causing cardiac arrhythmias
Take potassium

177
Q

Dialysis

A

Sustain life, but not a cure
Provides filtration and reabsorption does the job for the kidneys

178
Q

Hemodialysis

A

In hospital dialysis or at home with equipment
Removes patient’s blood from an implanted, shine or catheter in the artery to machine
Frequency: usually require three times a week
Potential complications: infection at access site, blood clots

179
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Outpatient
Personal membrane serves as the semipermeable membrane
Abdominal administration site
Takes longer than 3 to 4 hours
Major complication is infection, resulting in peritonitis

180
Q

Retention in incontinence

A

Retention: inability to empty bladder, may follow anesthesia
Incontinence: loss of voluntary control of the bladder

181
Q

Incontinent x3

A

Stress incontinence: women, pregnancies, coughing, laughing, lifting
Overflow incontinence: older people, weakening of bladder sphincter
Neurological bladder: spinal cord

182
Q

Urinary tract infections

A

Lower urinary track infections: cystitis, urethritis
Upper urinary tract infections : pyelonephritis
E. Coli

183
Q

UTIs continued

A

More common in women, because shorter urethra interest to anus
Older man Prostatic hypertrophy urinary retention
Congenital abnormalities in children
Retention of urine
Poorly controlled diabetes

184
Q

Urethritis common cause

A

STDs

185
Q

Bladder wall

A

Cystitis

186
Q

Urethra

A

Urethritis

187
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Pruitt accident feels pelvis and calyces
Fills kidney with pus
Signs and symptoms : Dole aching pain in lower back or flank area. Fever urinary cast are now present.

188
Q

UTI treatment

A

Lots of fluids and antibiotics

189
Q

Glomeralonephritis

A

Follows recent strep, or upper respiratory infection
Starts to develop 10 to 14 days later
Follows strep throat

190
Q

Signs and symptoms of glomeraulonephritis

A

Urine, dark and cloudy tea colored
Edema first in the face and periorbital generalized
Elevated blood pressure
Flank or back pain
General signs of inflammation
Decreased urine output

191
Q

Glomerulonephritis testing

A

Blood test: bun, cre
Metabolic acidosis
Uranalysis: henauria

192
Q

Golmerulonephritis treatment

A

Sodium restrictions
Steroids to reduce inflammation
Protein and fluid intake decrease in severe cases

193
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Abnormality in glomerular capillaries increase permeability large amounts of plasma, proteins escape into filtrate

194
Q

Patho of nephrotic syndrome

A

Hypoalbuminemia with decreased plasma, osmotic pressure equaling more severe, severe edema
Low protein and blood because you’re peeing it out
Low bread, pressure
High cholesterol, lipid urea fat in urine
Milky, frothy, looking urine

195
Q

Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

A

Massive proteinuria
Frothy urine
Hyperlipidemia hypoalbuminemi
Massive edema
Set an increase in girth
They look like puffy marshmallows

196
Q

Treatment for nephrotic syndrome

A

Glacocoricoids: reduce inflammation
ACE INHIBITORS: decreasing protein loss in urine
Antihypertensives
Increase protein
Decrees,  sodium intake

197
Q

Urolithiasis(calculi). Stones

A

Can develop anywhere in the urinary track
Stones may be small or a very large
Turn to form with: insufficient fluid intake/dehydration, excessive amount of solute infiltrate, urinary track infection
Manifestations occur with obstruction of urinary flow: may lead to infection, hydronephrosis with dilation of calyes, if location can you or your order and iHeartRalfy of renal tissue

198
Q

Stone / urolithiasis types x4

A

Calcium oxalate: bigger, nigh calcium level and high alkaline urine
Uris acid stone: gout, unmet, high praise diets
Struvite and cystine stones
Stone formation depends on predisposing factors

199
Q

Urolithiasis manifestation

A
  • Stones in kidney or bladder often asymptomatic
    ~ swing pain, possibly caused by distention of renal capsule
  • renal colic cause by obstruction of the ureter
    ~ excruciating pain in flank area with upper outer quadrant
    ~ in ureter, suck
200
Q

Treatment urolithiasis

A
  • Small stones eventually passed
  • laser lithotripsy
  • surgery
  • extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
  • medication
201
Q

Prevention of urolithiasis

A

Treat underlying conditions → dietary modification: diet rich in citrus, fruits, legumes, and vegetables, raise ph and produces urine that is more alkaline. A diet nigh in meat and cranberry juice will help the urine acidic → consistent, increase food intake

202
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Secondary problem caused by colon complications of Calcio, tumors, scar tissue in kidney or your order, untreated, prostatic, enlargement, development, and abnormalities, restricting urine flow
Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
Diagnosis: US, CT, or renal scan
Buildup of urine will cause compression of kidney tissue resulting in as ischemia and necrosis
If cause is not removed, chronic renal failure

Urine is blocked from exiting body

203
Q

Renal cell carcinoma manifestations

A

-painless hematuria initially
-dull, aching, flank pain
-Unexplained weight loss
-Anemia, or erythrocytosis
- palpable masses
- paraneoplastic syndrome

204
Q

Bladder cancer

A

Most bladder tumors are malignant and calmly arise from transitional epithelium of the bladder
Often develop says multiple tumors
Diagnosed by urine, cytology and biopsy
Early signs are painless bloody urine hematuria
Tumor is invasive through wall two adjacent structures: metastasizes to pelvic lymph nodes, liver, and bone

205
Q

Bladder cancer, predisposing factors

A

Working with chemicals in laboratories in industries
Cigarette smoking
Recurrent infections
Heavy intake of energetics

206
Q

Bladder, cancer treatment

A

Surgical resection of tumor
Chemo and radiation
Photoradiation successful in early cases

207
Q

Vascular disorders: nephroscoliosis RAAS

A

Involves vascular changing the kidney: some occur, normally with aging
Thickening in hardening of the walls of arterioles and small arteries
Narrowing a blood vessel lumen
Reduction of blood supply to the kidneys
Stimulation of renin
Increase blood pressure
Continue ischemia
Destruction of renal tissue
Chronic renal failure

208
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A
  • Can primary lesion developed in kidney
  • may be secondary to essential hypertension
  • treatment: antihypertensive agents, diabetics, beta blockers, sodium intake reduction
209
Q

Vesicoureneral reflux

A

Defective valve in the bladder

210
Q

Genesis

A

Failure to develop one kidney

211
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure to develop to normal size

212
Q

Ectopic kidney

A

Kidney and ureter displaced out of normal position

213
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Fusion of 2 kidneys

214
Q

Adult polycystic kidney disease

A
  • Genetic disorder: asymptomatic till round 40, autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 16
  • multiple cyst develop in both kidneys: pushes on good tissue, renal failure, necrosis, destruction of kidneys, or an, compression and destruction of kidney tissue, chronic renal failure
    -Manifestations: no manifestations and children and young adults, first see manifestation around 40, flank pain, signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease
    -Diagnosed by abdominal CT scan or MRI
215
Q

Wilms’ tumor

A

-Rare tumor occurring in children
-Defection tumor, suppressor, genes and chromosomes 11
- uni lateral bold from large encapsulated mass asymmetic abdomen
-Pulmonary metastasize may be present at diagnosis
-Do not palpate abdomen if Will limbs is suspected

216
Q

Acute Renal failure cause

A
  • Acute bilateral kidney disease: glomerulonephritis
  • severe, prolonged circulatory shock or heart failure
  • nephrotoxius :drugs, chemicals, or toxins
  • mechanical obstruction: calcui, blood clots, tumor
217
Q

Acute renal failure

A
  • sudden onset
  • blood rest: elevated bun and creatinine levels, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia
  • treatment: identify and remove or treat primary problem, dialysis to normalize body fluids, and maintain homeostasis
  • minimize risk of necrosis
218
Q

Chronic renal failure

A
  • Gradual irreversible destruction of the kidneys over a long period of time
  • asymptomatic in early stages
  • progressive
  • may result from: chronic kidney disease, con genital polycystic disease, systemic disorders, low level exposure to nephrotoxic over a sustained period of time
219
Q

Aliguria

A

Little urinary output

220
Q

Anuria

A

No urinary output

221
Q

Chronic renal failure stages

A

Decrease renal reserve ~ 60%
Decrease GFR
Increase serum creatinine
No apparent clinical symptoms

Renal insufficiency ~75%
Excretion of larger volumes of dilute urine
Renal failure is the most common cause of erythropoietin deficiency anemia
Elevated blood pressure

222
Q

Chronic End stage renal failure

A

Call electrolytes and waste retain and body
Azotemia, anemia, and acidosis
Marked oliguria or Anuria mean
Regular dialysis or kidney transplant patient to maintain patients life

223
Q

Chronic renal failure early signs

A

Bone marrow depression and impaired cell function
General science: anorexia, nausea, animal, fatigue, weight, loss, exercise and tolerance
Increase urinary output
Elevated blood pressure

224
Q

Lea signs/complete failure chronic renal failure

A

Oliguria, dry pauritic, hyperpigmented, skin, easy, bruising, peripheral neuropathy, important in men, menstrual irregularities in woman, encephalopathy memory loss), congestive heart failure, dysrhythmias, failure to activate vitamin D, possible uremic frost on skin urine like breath, odor, systemic infections

225
Q

Diagnostic testing on renal failure

A

Metabolic acidosis becomes decompensated
Azotemia
Anemia become severe
Serum electric levels may vary, depending on the amount of water, retained by the body, usually hyponatremia and hyperkalemia occur as well as hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

226
Q

Treatment of renal failure

A

All body systems are affected
Difficult to maintain homeostasis, homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes in acid base balance is
Drugs to stimulate erythropoiesis
Drugs to treat cardiovascular problems
Dialysis or transplantation
And take a fluid electrolytes proteins must be restricted

Pathophysiology Taylor (5 decks)

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