Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the signals of the beginning of childbirth?
-The baby drops
-The cervix begins to dilate
-Cramps/Braxton Hicks contractions begin
-Dislodged mucous plug/water break
What procedure is most effective in preventing circulatory system of the mother and baby from mixing?
A cesarean section
Identify the characteristics of the Moro reflex
Arching the back, flinging out of the arms and legs, and drawing them back to the chest in response to a sudden noise or change of position
What female organ is the embryo and fetus developed in
The uterus
What methods of learning are condition to respond to new stimuli
*Classical conditioning— a simple form of learning, where one stimulus elicits a response brought forth by a second stimulus being paired repeatedly with it
- operant conditioning— a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced
How is operant conditioning used with young children?
Children learn to adjust their behavior and conform to social codes and rules to earn reinforcers, such as attention and approval of peers and parents and teachers so when a teacher or parent praises, and attends to the appropriate behavior or positive reinforcement and ignore bad behavior, it can improve overall good class, behavior, and interaction.
What is Longitudinal research?
It is a method of research wear the same people are observed repeatedly, overtime and changes in development such as gains, weight or changes in mental abilities are recorded
Define a macrosystem
The basic institutions in ideologies that influence a child— it involves the interaction of children with the beliefs, values expectations in lifestyles of their cultural settings
What does the nature versus nurture controversy entail?
Researchers are continuously, trying to sort out the extent to which human behaviors are a result of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment influence)
What is the lifespan perspective?
this perspective is used to view human development as occurring throughout an individual‘s lifetime
Which field of study applies more information processing
Teaching— information processing is used effectively by educators when those models alert teachers to sequence of steps by which children learn grasp information and put it into practice when teachers understand the sequence, they can provide students with experiences that align with each stage
Which perspective does Lev Vygotsky align with?
Vygotsky was mostly concerned with transmission of info from one generation to another his key concepts of his theory consisted of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding
What is zone of proximal development (ZPD)
The situation in which a child carries out with the help of someone who is more skilled, as in an apprenticeship
Define cognitive scaffolding
Problem-solving methods provided by parents and teachers, that act as a means of necessary support that allows a child to gain the ability to function independently
What does nature relate to in psychology
Nature is the processes within an organism that guides it to develop, according to its genetic code
What are the issues that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors?
Multifactorial problems— problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental problems such as diabetes, mellitus epilepsy and peptic ulcers are good examples
What are the stages of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?
- first stage: oral fixation
- second stage: anal fixation
- third stage: phallic fixation
- fourth stage: latency
- fifth stage: genital fixation.
What personality is present at birth, according to Freud
Id— it is present at birth and is unconscious; it represents biological, drives in demands, as well as instant gratification
What perspective of child development is Arnold Gesell responsible for
Maturation— it is the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures and functions
What is the lifespan perspective?
The view point that human development occurs throughout the end of the individuals lifetime
What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
-Excessive production of thick mucus in the pancreas and lungs
-Persistent, cough with mucus
-Wheezing
-Shortness of breath
What is the percentage of genetic connection for monozygotic twins (MZ)
Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes
Define meiosis
Also known as reduction division— 46 chromosomes within the cells, nucleus, first line up into 23 pairs in the middle of a dividing cell the DNA ladder’s unzip leaving unpaired halves of chromosome when the cell divides one member of each parent goes to each newly formed cell and each cell nucleus contains only 23 chromosomes not 46
Who shares 100% of their genes?
Monozygotic twins
What form does DNA take?
Do you need takes the form of a double spiral helix similar to that of a twisting ladder, where the rungs consist of one of two pairs of bases, adenine, and thymine, or cytosine and guanine
How many autosomes are in a zygote?
- Pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes.
What is the center layer of an embryo that promotes development of bones and muscles?
The Mesoderm
Define an allele
A member of a pair of genes
What is preeclampsia (AKA. toxemia)
A life-threatening disease, that conflict pregnant women and is characterized by rapid rise in high blood pressure
Approximately how many ova does a woman have at birth?
Women have approximately 300,000 to 400,000 ova in each ovary, although they were ovulate around 500 of them in their lifetime
What is the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Assay?
It is used to detect neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and certain chromosomal abnormalities neural tube defects caused an elevation in AFP level in the mothers blood, in an increased risk of people that are associated with high levels
What is hemophilia?
Genetic defect carried on the x chromosome for the blood does not clot properly
What is Huntington’s disease
It is a fetal progressive degenerative disorder, and a dominant trait affecting approximately one American and 18,000 physical symptoms include uncontrollable muscle movements, and typically does not present until middle adulthood
What was Thalidomide used for?
It was marketed in the 1960s as a treatment for insomnia and nausea to pregnant women, however, it has been linked to birth defects, especially that of deformed or absent limbs
Who is most affected by sickle cell anemia?
Sickle cell is most common amongst African-Americans as nearly 1 African American in 10 and one Latin American in 20 is a carrier
What is a sonogram
An image generated by ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus
What causes the formation of parent-infant attachment?
The development of attachment takes place in the form of bonds created through repeated interactions overtime
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
The result of babies born more than a month before full-term, Maybreeze irregularly, or May suddenly stop breathing, and is evidence of this syndrome
What does the placenta and uterus secrete Bruce contractions
Prostaglandins
What is a neonate?
An infant from birth through the first weeks of life
What does the Apgar scale measure?
It is a measure of a newborns health that assesses appearances pulse grimace, activity level in respiratory effort
Where is oxytocin released from?
The pituitary gland
What are incubators used for
Due to physical frailty, preterm infants usually remain in the hospital in place in incubators which maintain temperature controlled environment and provide some protection from disease
How many pounds is a baby to weigh to be considered low birth weight?
My baby is considered to have a low birthweight when the wait is less than 5.5 pounds.
What does prolactin do?
It’s two primary functions are the development of memory glands within breast issues and milk production
What response would you get if you gave an infant bitter foods?
Bitter solutions cause infants to react with spitting gagging and sticking out of the tongue
Define a zygote
A deployed sell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes —a fertilized ovum
What is it called when the babies head enters the birth canal?
Transition
What is the controversial research by Claus in kennels that involved parent-infant bonding
In the 1970s they had two groups of mothers who had recently given birth, and their newborns, they had one group interact with their babies only at feedings, and the other spent five hours a day with support from hospital staff with their baby babies follow ups over two years, found that mothers with extended contact were more likely to color, cuddle, sooth, interact with their children than those who only saw their babies for feedings critics note that Claus in kennel did not take into consideration enough for how the hospital staffs was made to be more supportive to the mothers with extended contact
What is an epidural?
An injection within the back of a patient to stop the feeling of pain in a part of your body specifically in relation to childbirth