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Human Growth And Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signals of the beginning of childbirth?

A

-The baby drops
-The cervix begins to dilate
-Cramps/Braxton Hicks contractions begin
-Dislodged mucous plug/water break

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2
Q

What procedure is most effective in preventing circulatory system of the mother and baby from mixing?

A

A cesarean section

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3
Q

Identify the characteristics of the Moro reflex

A

Arching the back, flinging out of the arms and legs, and drawing them back to the chest in response to a sudden noise or change of position

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4
Q

What female organ is the embryo and fetus developed in

A

The uterus

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5
Q

What methods of learning are condition to respond to new stimuli

A

*Classical conditioning— a simple form of learning, where one stimulus elicits a response brought forth by a second stimulus being paired repeatedly with it

  • operant conditioning— a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced
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6
Q

How is operant conditioning used with young children?

A

Children learn to adjust their behavior and conform to social codes and rules to earn reinforcers, such as attention and approval of peers and parents and teachers so when a teacher or parent praises, and attends to the appropriate behavior or positive reinforcement and ignore bad behavior, it can improve overall good class, behavior, and interaction.

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7
Q

What is Longitudinal research?

A

It is a method of research wear the same people are observed repeatedly, overtime and changes in development such as gains, weight or changes in mental abilities are recorded

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8
Q

Define a macrosystem

A

The basic institutions in ideologies that influence a child— it involves the interaction of children with the beliefs, values expectations in lifestyles of their cultural settings

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9
Q

What does the nature versus nurture controversy entail?

A

Researchers are continuously, trying to sort out the extent to which human behaviors are a result of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment influence)

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10
Q

What is the lifespan perspective?

A

this perspective is used to view human development as occurring throughout an individual‘s lifetime

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11
Q

Which field of study applies more information processing

A

Teaching— information processing is used effectively by educators when those models alert teachers to sequence of steps by which children learn grasp information and put it into practice when teachers understand the sequence, they can provide students with experiences that align with each stage

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12
Q

Which perspective does Lev Vygotsky align with?

A

Vygotsky was mostly concerned with transmission of info from one generation to another his key concepts of his theory consisted of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding

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13
Q

What is zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

The situation in which a child carries out with the help of someone who is more skilled, as in an apprenticeship

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14
Q

Define cognitive scaffolding

A

Problem-solving methods provided by parents and teachers, that act as a means of necessary support that allows a child to gain the ability to function independently

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15
Q

What does nature relate to in psychology

A

Nature is the processes within an organism that guides it to develop, according to its genetic code

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16
Q

What are the issues that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors?

A

Multifactorial problems— problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental problems such as diabetes, mellitus epilepsy and peptic ulcers are good examples

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17
Q

What are the stages of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?

A
  • first stage: oral fixation
  • second stage: anal fixation
  • third stage: phallic fixation
  • fourth stage: latency
  • fifth stage: genital fixation.
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18
Q

What personality is present at birth, according to Freud

A

Id— it is present at birth and is unconscious; it represents biological, drives in demands, as well as instant gratification

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19
Q

What perspective of child development is Arnold Gesell responsible for

A

Maturation— it is the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures and functions

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20
Q

What is the lifespan perspective?

A

The view point that human development occurs throughout the end of the individuals lifetime

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

-Excessive production of thick mucus in the pancreas and lungs
-Persistent, cough with mucus
-Wheezing
-Shortness of breath

22
Q

What is the percentage of genetic connection for monozygotic twins (MZ)

A

Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes

23
Q

Define meiosis

A

Also known as reduction division— 46 chromosomes within the cells, nucleus, first line up into 23 pairs in the middle of a dividing cell the DNA ladder’s unzip leaving unpaired halves of chromosome when the cell divides one member of each parent goes to each newly formed cell and each cell nucleus contains only 23 chromosomes not 46

24
Q

Who shares 100% of their genes?

A

Monozygotic twins

25
Q

What form does DNA take?

A

Do you need takes the form of a double spiral helix similar to that of a twisting ladder, where the rungs consist of one of two pairs of bases, adenine, and thymine, or cytosine and guanine

26
Q

How many autosomes are in a zygote?

A
  1. Pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes.
27
Q

What is the center layer of an embryo that promotes development of bones and muscles?

A

The Mesoderm

28
Q

Define an allele

A

A member of a pair of genes

29
Q

What is preeclampsia (AKA. toxemia)

A

A life-threatening disease, that conflict pregnant women and is characterized by rapid rise in high blood pressure

30
Q

Approximately how many ova does a woman have at birth?

A

Women have approximately 300,000 to 400,000 ova in each ovary, although they were ovulate around 500 of them in their lifetime

31
Q

What is the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Assay?

A

It is used to detect neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and certain chromosomal abnormalities neural tube defects caused an elevation in AFP level in the mothers blood, in an increased risk of people that are associated with high levels

32
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Genetic defect carried on the x chromosome for the blood does not clot properly

33
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

A

It is a fetal progressive degenerative disorder, and a dominant trait affecting approximately one American and 18,000 physical symptoms include uncontrollable muscle movements, and typically does not present until middle adulthood

34
Q

What was Thalidomide used for?

A

It was marketed in the 1960s as a treatment for insomnia and nausea to pregnant women, however, it has been linked to birth defects, especially that of deformed or absent limbs

35
Q

Who is most affected by sickle cell anemia?

A

Sickle cell is most common amongst African-Americans as nearly 1 African American in 10 and one Latin American in 20 is a carrier

36
Q

What is a sonogram

A

An image generated by ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus

37
Q

What causes the formation of parent-infant attachment?

A

The development of attachment takes place in the form of bonds created through repeated interactions overtime

38
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

The result of babies born more than a month before full-term, Maybreeze irregularly, or May suddenly stop breathing, and is evidence of this syndrome

39
Q

What does the placenta and uterus secrete Bruce contractions

A

Prostaglandins

40
Q

What is a neonate?

A

An infant from birth through the first weeks of life

41
Q

What does the Apgar scale measure?

A

It is a measure of a newborns health that assesses appearances pulse grimace, activity level in respiratory effort

42
Q

Where is oxytocin released from?

A

The pituitary gland

43
Q

What are incubators used for

A

Due to physical frailty, preterm infants usually remain in the hospital in place in incubators which maintain temperature controlled environment and provide some protection from disease

44
Q

How many pounds is a baby to weigh to be considered low birth weight?

A

My baby is considered to have a low birthweight when the wait is less than 5.5 pounds.

45
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

It’s two primary functions are the development of memory glands within breast issues and milk production

46
Q

What response would you get if you gave an infant bitter foods?

A

Bitter solutions cause infants to react with spitting gagging and sticking out of the tongue

47
Q

Define a zygote

A

A deployed sell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes —a fertilized ovum

48
Q

What is it called when the babies head enters the birth canal?

A

Transition

49
Q

What is the controversial research by Claus in kennels that involved parent-infant bonding

A

In the 1970s they had two groups of mothers who had recently given birth, and their newborns, they had one group interact with their babies only at feedings, and the other spent five hours a day with support from hospital staff with their baby babies follow ups over two years, found that mothers with extended contact were more likely to color, cuddle, sooth, interact with their children than those who only saw their babies for feedings critics note that Claus in kennel did not take into consideration enough for how the hospital staffs was made to be more supportive to the mothers with extended contact

50
Q

What is an epidural?

A

An injection within the back of a patient to stop the feeling of pain in a part of your body specifically in relation to childbirth

Human Growth And Development (4 decks)

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