EXAM #1 Flashcards
Study of the Science of Movement
Kinesiology
Kinesiology includes the _
- Bones
- Ligaments
- Joints
- Muscles
- Tendons
musculoskeletal system
Muscles work in combinations or in groups to
move joints and bones to produce _ _
human movement
_ muscles
_ bones
_ joints
- 600+
- 206
- many
Plane of motion:
Bisects body into right and left
halves
- Also called Anteroposterior or
AP plane
Sagittal plane
Plane of motion:
Divides body into front and back
- Also called the Coronal plane
frontal plane
Generally, motion in this plane is called flexion and extension
- Bicep curl
sagittal plane
Generally, adduction and abduction movements occur in this plane of motion
- lateral raise
frontal plane
Planes of motion:
Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves
- Also called Horizontal plane
- Latin, “lying across”
transverse plane
Generally, rotational movements such as pronation, supination and spinal rotation movements occur in this plane of motion
- cervical (neck) rotation
transverse plane
Movement in one plane produces joint motion or _ _ _
axis of rotation
Plane: sagittal
Axis of rotation: _
lateral
Plane: frontal
Axis of rotation: _
anteroposterior
Plane: transverse
Axis of rotation: _
vertical
Axis of Rotation occurs _ _ from the plane that motion occurs
90 degrees
Anatomical directional terms:
in front of or the front surface of
anterior
Anatomical directional terms:
Located in front and below
anteroinferior
Anatomical directional terms:
In front of the body, away from the middle line
anterolateral
Anatomical directional terms:
located in front and toward the middle
anteromedial
Anatomical directional terms:
From front to back
anteroposterior
Anatomical directional terms:
located in front and above
anterosuperior
Anatomical directional terms:
situated in or directed toward the hind part of the body
Caudal
Anatomical directional terms:
of or relating to the head
Cephalic
Anatomical directional terms:
Having to do with the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Anatomical directional terms:
away from the surface or further into the body
deep
Anatomical directional terms:
posterior and superior in position or direction
Posterosuperior
Anatomical directional terms:
lying flat with the face downward
Prone
Anatomical directional terms:
lying on the back
Supine
Anatomical directional terms:
a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than another part
Proximal
Anatomical directional terms:
on the surface or shallow
Superficial
Anatomical directional terms:
toward the head end of the body; upper
Superior
Anatomical directional terms:
the front part of the body
Ventral
Anatomical directional terms:
relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot
Volar
Anatomical directional terms:
a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part
Distal
Anatomical directional terms:
situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior
Dorsal
Anatomical directional terms:
away from the head; lower
Inferior
Anatomical directional terms:
On the same side of the body as another structure or a given point
Ipsilateral
Anatomical directional terms:
to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body
Lateral
Anatomical directional terms:
toward the middle or center
Medial
Anatomical directional terms:
situated at or toward the hind part of the body
Posterior
Anatomical directional terms:
Situated back and below
Posteroinferior
Anatomical directional terms:
Situated on the side and toward the posterior aspect
Posterolateral
Anatomical directional terms:
located on or near the dorsal midline of the body or a body part
Posteromedial
Bones:
- cylindrical shaft
- protruding ends
- function: serve as levers
- Ex: femur, humerus
long
Bones:
- cube-shaped, solid bones
- function: shock absorption
- Ex: metatarsals, metacarpals
short
Bones:
- curved surface
- can be thick or thin
- function: protection
- Ex: cranium
flat
Bones
- serve a variety of purposes
- include bones of entire spine, ischium, pubis, and maxilla
irregular
Bones:
- Small bones embedded within the tendon of a
musculoskeletal unit that provide protection
- Called “free-floating” because they do not attach to other bones
- Also serve to improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous unit
- Ex: patella, ribs
sesamoid
Articulation of two or more bones
- classified by structure or function
- enable movement to occur
joints
Types of joints
- synovial
- syndesmosis
- fibrous
Joints:
Joined together by connective tissue
- generally immovable
- Ex: Sacroiliac joint, Sternoclavicular
fibrous joints
Joints:
joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- Allows very slight movement
- Ex: Costochondral joints of the ribs, Intervertebral discs
cartilaginous joints
Joints:
Freely moveable
- Contain a joint capsule
- Contain synovial fluid
- Generally they are diarthrodial
- Ex: Knee, Shoulder
synovial joints
Joint classification
Structure: fibrous
Function: _
Synarthrodial
Joint classification
Structure: Cartilaginous
Function: _
Amphiarthrodial
Joint classification
Structure: Synovial
Function: _
Diarthrodial
Joints:
- immovable
- Ex: cranial sutures, socket of a tooth
synarthrodial joints
Joints:
Slightly moveable
- Three types
1. Syndesmosis: joint held together by strong ligamentous structures
2. Symphysis: joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad
3. Synchronosis: joint separated by hyaline cartilage
Amphiarthrodial joints
Joints:
Freely moveable
- Contain a joint capsule (sleeve-like covering)
- Joint capsule surrounds the bony ends
- Contain synovial fluid: lubricate the joint cavity
- Ex: knee, shoulder
Diarthrodial joints
Joint classification by motion:
Motion in one plane
1 degree of freedom
Joint classification by motion:
Motion in two planes
2 degrees of freedom
Joint classification by motion:
Motion in three planes
3 degrees of freedom
Joints:
Two flat, bony surfaces
- Butt against each other
- Permits limited gliding movement
- 1 degree of freedom
- Ex: Carpal bones of the wrist
arthrodial (gliding joint)
Joints:
Also called biaxial ball and socket joints
- Bones permit movement in two planes without
rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
- Ex: Wrist between the radius and proximal
row of the carpal bones
condyloidal joint
Joints:
Also called multiaxial ball and socket joint
- Permits movement in all three planes (3 degrees of freedom)
- Ex: Hip and shoulder joints
enarthrodial joint
Joints:
Also called a hinge joint
- One plane of motion
- Wide range of motion within that plane
- Ex: Elbow, knee
ginglymus joint
Joints:
Also called a saddle joint
- Found only in the thumb
- Permits ball-and-socket movement, except for rotation
sellar joint
Movement in joints:
- Can be limited or wide-ranging
- Some movements are relatively specific to a joint
- Some movements describe motion at _ joints
several
General joint motions:
- Lateral movement away from the midline of the body
- Frontal plane motion
Abduction
General joint motions:
- Movement medially toward the midline of the trunk
- Frontal plane motion
Adduction
General joint motions:
- Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc
- Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Circumduction
General joint motions:
- Bending movement of a limb
- Results in a decrease joint angle by moving bones together
- Usually occurs in the sagittal plane
Flexion
General joint motions
- Straightening movement of a limb
- Results in an increase joint angle by moving bones apart
- Usually occurs in the sagittal plane
Extension
General joint motions:
- Rotary movement around a longitudinal axis of a bone
- Movement is away from the midline of the body
- Transverse plane motion
External Rotation
General joint motions:
- Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone
- Movement is towards the midline of the body
- Transverse plane motion
Internal Rotation
_ muscles in the human body
_ of total body weight
- 600+
- 40-50%
- Responsible for movement of the body and joints
- Provide protection, posture and support
- Provide a major portion of body heat
- Many different shapes and sizes
- Different fiber types and arrangements
muscles
Muscle terms:
- Pertaining usually to muscles within or belonging
solely to the body part on which they act
- Ex: small intrinsic muscles of the hand
Intrinsic
Muscle terms:
- Pertaining usually to muscles that arise or originate outside of the body part on which they act
- Ex: Forearm muscles that attach to distal end
of humerus and insert on the fingers
Extrinsic
Muscle terms;
The specific movement of the joint resulting from a concentric (shortening) contraction of a muscle which crosses the joint
- Ex: The Biceps Brachii has the action of flexion
at the elbow
- Usually action of a joint is caused by a group of
muscles working together
- A particular muscle may cause more than one action either at the same joint or a different joint
action
Muscle terms:
- The segment of the nervous system defined as being responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of the muscle
- A particular muscle may be innervated by more than one nerve
- A particular nerve may innervate more than one muscle
Innervation
Muscle terms:
- Also called origin
- Generally considered the least moveable part
- Usually the part that attaches closest to
midline/center of body
Proximal Insertion
Muscle terms;
- Also called the insertion
- Generally considered the most moveable part
- Usually the part that attaches farthest from
midline/center of the body
Distal Insertion
Types of muscle contractions:
- Tension is developed within the muscle, but the joint angle remains constant
- Static contractions
Isometric
Types of muscle contractions:
- Involve the muscle developing tension to either cause or control joint movement
- Dynamic Contraction: Causes the joint angle to
change
Isotonic
Types of muscle contractions:
- Involves the muscle developing tension as it shortens
- Occurs when the muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance
- Can be thought of as causing movement against gravity or resistance
- Described as positive contractions
- Results in the joint angle being changed in the
direction of the applied muscular force
Concentric
Types of muscle contractions:
- Involves the muscle lengthening under tension
- Occurs when the muscle gradually lessons in tension to control the descent of the resistance
- Control movement with gravity or resistance
- Called negative contractions
- Results in a change in the joint angle in the direction of the resistance or external force
Eccentric
Role of Muscles:
- Muscles that, when contracting concentrically,
cause joint motion through a specified plane of
motion
- Known as prime movers
Agonist
Role of Muscles:
- Muscles that are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist
- Have the opposite concentric action
- Known as contralateral muscles
- Work in cooperation with agonistic muscles by
relaxing and allowing movement
Antagonist
Role of Muscles:
- Muscles that surround the joint or body part
- Contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body to exert force or move
- Proximal Stability -» Distal Mobility
Stabilizers
Role of Muscles:
- Muscles that assist in the action of agonists
- Not necessarily the prime movers for the action
- Known as guiding muscles
- Assist in refining movement
Synergist
Comprised of
– Distal tibia
– Distal fibula
– Talus
ankle
Ankle:
Fibula and Tibia make a _
mortise
Ankle:
Held together by a _ _
interosseous membrane
Ankle:
ends of tibia and fibula form _
- Latin - little hammer
malleoli
Compse of 3 sections:
1. hindfoot
- talus & calcaneous
2. midfoot
- 3 cuneiforms, navicular, cuboid
3. forefoot
- metatarsals & phalanges
foot
Foot:
7 bones
- greek - taros, any flat surface
tarsals
Foot:
- greek - meta, after
metatarsals
Foot:
- greek - phalanx, line of battle
phalanges
4 main joints of the foot/ankle complex
- ankle (talocrural)
- subtalar
- tarsometatarsal
- metatarsalphalangeal
Ankle has _ motions
2
Ankle:
50 degrees of motion
plantarflexion
Ankle:
30 degrees of motion
dorsiflexion
Ankle:
neutral position
0 degrees
Ankle:
Motise allows _ to pass through
talus
Ankle:
- wider anteriorly
- narrower posteriorly
talus
Ankle:
- tight position at end range _
- loose at end range _
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
Ankle:
- often fractured in dislocations of the ankle
- has upward arterial supply
- prone to necrosis with severe injury (avascular necrosis)
- “snowboarder’s fracture”
talus
Ankle Joint:
- “below the ankle”
- formed between the talus & calcaneus
- “calcaneum” - latin - heel
subtalar joint
Subtalar joint:
30 degrees
inverison
Subtalar joint:
10 degrees
inversion
subtalar joint
- in the middle
- “optimally aligned foot”
- best stress distribution
neutral position
Ankle joint:
- 3 cuneiforms & cuboid with metatarsals
- helps regulate positions of the foot
- springs, shocks
Tarsometatarsal Joint
Ankle joint:
- “MTP”
- 5 joints
- Primarily flexion and extension
- Hinge to allow heel to rise while toes stabilize
– gait
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
6 main movements of the ankle/foot complex
- plantarflexion
- Dorsiflexion
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Pronation
- Supination
Ankle movements:
combination of eversion & dorsiflexion
pronation
Ankle movements:
combination of inversion & plantarflexion
supination
Ankle ligaments:
- roughly _
60
4 main ankle/foot complex ligaments
- Interosseus membrane
- Deltoid ligament
- Anterior Talofibular Ligament
- Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Ankle ligaments:
- tibia to fibula
- force distribution
- shock attenuation
- high ankle sprain
interosseus membrane
Ankle ligaments:
- connects tibia to talus, calcaneus, and navicular
- strong
- bone often fails before ligaments ruptures
deltoid ligament
Ankle ligaments:
- “ATF” or “ATFL”
- fibula to talus
- most often sprained
- plantarflexion and inversion injury
anterior talofibular ligament
Ankle ligaments:
- aka “spring” ligament
- helps support medial longitudinal arch
- helps to prevent over-pronation
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
- longitudinal (medial, lateral)
- transverse
- function: add stability and shock absorption
- supported by ligaments, shapes of bones, tendons, muscles
arches
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
5 main plantar flexors
- gastrocnemius
- plantaris
- soleus
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = posterior condyles of femur
Gastrocnemius
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
Distal attachment = common insertion via achilles tendon
Gastrocnemius
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
Action = plantarflexes foot
Gastrocnemius
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = proximal posterior tibia along soleal line
soleus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
soleus _ _: common insertion via achilles tendon
distal attachment
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
soleus action
plantarflexes foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = distal posterior femur
plantaris
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = posterior calcaneus
plantaris
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
plantaris action
plantarflexes foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
Proximal attachment = distal 2/3 of posterior fibula
flexor hallicus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = base of the distal phalanx of the great toe, plantar surface
flexor hallicus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
flexor hallicus longus action
plantarflexes foot and big toe (hallicus)
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = distal 1/2 of the posterior tibia
flexor digitorum longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = base of distal phalanges of digits 2-5, plantar surface
flexor digitorum longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
flexor digitorum longus action
plantarflexes foot and toes 2-5
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
3 main dorsiflexors
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallicus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = superior 2/3 of anterolateral tibia
tibialis anterior
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = base of 1st metatarsal of the 1st digit, also 1st cuneiform
tibialis anterior
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
tibialis anterior action
dorsiflexes foot and inverts foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = superior 3/4 of the fibula, anterior surface
extensor digitorum longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = via common tendon along the dorsal surfaces of phalanges 2-5
extensor digitorum longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
extensor digitorum longus action
dorsiflexes foot and toes 2-5
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = middle anterior surface of the fibula
extensor hallicus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = dorsal surface of the great toe (distal phalanx)
extensor hallicus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
extensor hallicus longus action
dorsiflexes foot and big toe (hallicus)
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
3 everters
- peroneus longus
- peroneus brevis
- peroneus tertius
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = head and proximal 1/2 of fibula, lateral side
peroneus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = crosses plantar surface of the foot to attach to 1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
peronus longus
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
peroneus longus action
everts foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = distal 1/2 of the lateral side of the fibula
peroneus brevis
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = tuberosity of the lateral side of the 5th metatarsal
peroneus brevis
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
peroneus brevis action
everts foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula
peroneus tertius
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal
peroneus tertius
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
peroneus tertius action
everts foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
2 inverters
- tibialis anterior
- tibialis posterior
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
proximal attachment = lateral side of the posterior tibia proximally
tibialis posterior
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
distal attachment = navicular tuberosity, three cuneiforms, cuboid
tibialis posterior
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
tibialis posterior action
inverts foot
Ankle/foot complex muscles:
intrinsic muscles of the foot
way too many of them
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
most common orthopedic injury
ankle sprain
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
ankle sprain
- Inversion with plantarflexion
- Tear to _
- Severe inversion may fracture distal fibula
ATF
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
ankle sprain
– Eversion
- Tear to _ _
- Rare
deltoid ligament
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
- Inflammation of plantar fascia
- Fascia tears usually near its calcaneus attachment
- Main Complaint: Pain worst with
first few steps in the morning
plantar fasciitis
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
- microtearing
- slow to heal
- restriction in dorsiflexion range of motion
plantar fasciitis
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
- plantar fasciaotomy
- can cause _ _
collapsed foot
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
caused by excessive inversion
fibular fracture
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
fibular fracture
- ambulation is often still possible
- _ of body weight on fibula
- _ on tibia
- surgical options:
- open reduction and internal fixation
- 15%
- 85%
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
- 1-2in above attachment to calcaneus
- “critical zone of avascularity”
- pronation increases length on achilles tendon
anchilles tendonitis
Red means _
white means _
- oxygen
- no oxygen
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
- violent start or stop
- over age 30
- audible “pop” or “snap”
achilles tendon rupture
Ankle/foot complex injuries:
- Anterior Tibialis tension
- Repetitive microtrauma to tibia and its muscular attachments
- Microtears to the tibialis posterior muscle or soleus muscle (medial tibial pain)
- Microtears to the peroneal muscles (lateral tibial pain)
shin splints
ankle/foot complex injuries:
- excess pronation
- poor shock absorption
- poor foot alignment
- sudden increase in activity levels
- muscle imbalances
- poo warm-up
- poor conditioning
- tight achilles tendon
- toe running
* torsion on tibia bone
shin splint causes
ankle/foot complex injuries:
- pull on achilles tendon on calcaneal insertion
- in growing children
- pain in heel
sever’s disease
ankle/foot complex injuries:
- increased pronation
- wringing out effect on the post tib tendon
posterior tibial tendonitis
ankle/foot complex injuries:
- following fracture or dislocation
- inverted arterial supply
- no muscular attachments
talar avascular necrosis
ankle/ foot complex health (3)
- flexibility
- strength
- relaxation
Knee:
- largest joint in the body
structural: _
functional: _
- synovial joint
- diarthrodial joint
Knee:
needs to provide _, _, and _
- stability
- mobility
- shock absorption
4 Knee bones:
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- patella
Knee bones:
classification - long bone
femur
Knee bones:
classification - sesamoid bone
patella
Knee bones:
- aka knee cap
- embedded in the quadriceps tendon
- function: to increase force of the quadriceps muscle
patella
2 Knee joints:
- tibiofemoral
- patellofemoral
Knee joints:
- synovial
- diarthrodial
- functions as a hinge
tibiofemoral joint
Knee joints:
- flexion and extension
- some internal and external rotation
tibiofemoral joint
5 Knee ligaments
- MCL
- LCL
- PCL
- ACL
- MPFL
Knee ligaments:
- medial knee
- femur to tibia
- thick and white
* think large LA freeway
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Knee ligaments:
protects against lateral blows to the knee
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Knee ligaments:
- lateral
- femur to tibia
- thin and narrow
* think small portland street
lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Knee ligaments:
protects against medial forces to the knee
lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Knee ligaments:
- femur to anterior tibia
- protects excessive anterior tibial movement
* think hands in pockets
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Knee ligaments:
- femur to posterior tibia
- protects posterior tibial movement
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
medial patellofemoral ligament dislocation
dislocated knee cap
Knee ligaments:
- patella to medial femoral condyle
- helps stabilize the patella
- if ruptured may lead to patellar dislocations
medial patellafemoral ligament
4 Knee movements
- flexion
- extension
- internal rotation
- external rotation
Knee movements:
- flexion
- sagittal plane movement
- _ degrees
155
Knee movements:
- extension
- sagittal plane movement
- _ degrees
0 to -20
Knee movements:
- transverse plane movement
- named by tibia
internal & external rotation
sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane
movement towards midline
adduction
abduction
extension
flexion
internal rotation
external rotation
talus bone
subtalar joint
tarsometatarsal joint
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Interosseus Membrane
Deltoid Ligament of Ankle
Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)
Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Flexor Hallicus Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallicus Longus
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Peroneus Tertius
Tibialis Posterior
achilles tendon
achilles tendon
Sever’s Disease
talus fracture
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
MCL
LCL
ACL
PCL
Medial Patellafemoral Ligament reconstruction
Tibial Tuberosity
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Ischial Tuberosity
posterior view
Biceps Femoris
Semimebranosis
Semitendinosis
Popliteus
Meniscus
IT Band Syndrome
Total Knee Replacement
Q angle
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
pelvis
Sacrum
Ilium Bone
Pubic Bone
Ischium Bone
Hip joint
Femoroacetabular Ligaments
Iliofemoral Ligament
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Pubofemoral Ligament
Greater Trochanter
opposite greater trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Psoas Major/Minor
Iliacus
Sartorius
Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
Adductor Longus
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Pectineus
Gracilis
The 6 deep external rotators
Femoroacetabular Impingement
Avascular Necrosis of the Hip (AVN)
Slipped Capital Epiphysis
Hip Fracture
Hip Pointer
Stress Fracture
Acetabular Labral Tear
Adductor (Groin) Strain
Hip Replacement
