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Neuropsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of brain tissue

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1
Q

Brain Fun Facts

A 
2% of body weight
3lbs or 1500 grams
Consumes 20% of energy
80% of tissue, 10% CSF, 10% blood
1000mL of blood per minute
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2
Q

Breakdown of Nervous System

A 
Nervous System (NS)
Peripheral NS
   Autonomic NS
      Sympathetic NS (fight or flight)
      Parasympathetic NS (relaxation)
   Somatic NS
Central NS
   Brain
      Forebrain
      Midbrain
      Hindbrain 
   Spinal Cord
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3
Q

Integrated Theory

A

Alexander Luria, father of neuropsychology, doctorate of medicine education and psychology
“To understand the brain foundations for psychological activity, one must be prepared to study both the brain and the system of activity.”

Brain is comprised of functional systems, behavior interacts with three basic functions

  1. Brainstem
  2. Sensory Unit
  3. Motor Unit

Central fissure roughly separates sensory (below) and motor (above)

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4
Q

Pluripotentiality

A

Any area of brain can be involved in few or many behaviors

Functional systems had “plasticity” can be retrained

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5
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of human behavior following damage to or dysfunction of the central nervous system.

Study of brain/behavior relationships
   How do behaviors, emotions, and thoughts relate to the brain?
   What parts of the brain?
   How does the brain work?
   What capacities do humans have?
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6
Q

Why study brain/behavior relationships?

A
  1. Diagnostic Purposes
  2. Rehabilitation Purposes
  3. Intellectual Curiosity
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7
Q

How is brain/behavior studied?

A 
Invasive procedures
   Ablation
   Radiation, kills brain cells
Noninvasive procedures
   Brain Imaging
   Neuropsychological Testing
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8
Q

Search for Engram

A

Karl Lashley search for memory, rats in maze, memory isn’t in one locations, entire cerebral function

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9
Q

The brain is…

A

An electrical and chemical unit

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10
Q

Imaging Techniques

A

CT: blood pooling
FMRI: functioning (tumor)
PET: function with in brain (dementia)

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11
Q

Nervous System:

Two Kinds of Cell

A

Neurons (where the action is, start with 100 billion, end with 1 billion)
Glial (the forgotten majority)
90% in CNS
Repair, support, protect

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12
Q

Six Kinds of Glial Cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
    Extensions wrap around axon of some neurons in CNS
    Wraps multiple spots on axon, don’t help with neuron repair
  2. Schwann Cells
    Extensions wrap around axon of some neurons in the PNS
    Wraps on single spot on axon, helps with neuron repair (cut off finger)
  3. Microglia: clean debris
  4. Astrocytes: part of blood brain barrier
  5. Ependymal Cells: line ventricles
  6. Satellite Cells: muscle repair
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13
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheath, which is a protective membrane that wraps around the axon of a nerve cell is destroyed with inflammation and scarring, some repair early in disease progress. 40-60% depression, about 10% of population, suicide risk 3-15%, about less than 1%, balance/coordination muscle weakness

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14
Q

Neurons

A

A-B-E
Afferent neurons, sensory
Brain
Efferent neurons, motor

Interneurons: only found in the CNS, brain tissue, integrate and coordinate activity

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15
Q

Möbius Syndrome

A

Underdevelopment of 6th cranial nerve (eye) and 7th cranial nerve (lower jaw)- 12 cranial nerves don’t come out of spinal cord, directly out of brain
Difficulty mirroring behavior of others
No known cause:
Maybe genetic, but not clear pattern
Maybe loss of blood flow or oxygen
Emotions
Experience them, appear not to - no mimicry
Is the absence of mimicry advantageous?
About 30% have been diagnosed with autism spectrum

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16
Q

Two Gross Neural Structures in the Nervous System

A
  1. Clusters of cell bodies (cell bodies stay in spinal cord or brain)
  2. Bundles of axons
17
Q

What is the longest nerve in your body?

A

Sciatic nerve - all the way to your toe

18
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron

A

Image
224 miles per hour
Surface area increases with “fingers”

19
Q

The Nerve Impulse

A
  1. It took time for the signal to get around

2. The signal was about the same strength

20
Q

Ability to fire depends on membrane potential, which works through two principles…

A
  1. Diffusion: things in higher concentration move to a lesser (K+ out, NA+ in)
  2. Electrostatic Pressure: opposites attract (K+ stay in, NA+ go in)
21
Q

Membrane Potential Info

A

Net flow: about 0.003% increase in NA+
Higher K+ in neuron (axon)
Higher NA+ outside neuron (axon)

Closer to zero, more likely to fire
Resting sodium and potassium channels closed
Protein channels control oxygen and carbon dioxide
All or nothing principle
Potassium runs out by diffusion and electrostatic pressure
All happens in the nodes of ranvier

22
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Farther from zero, less likely to fire, inhibit excitation/firing

23
Q

Depolarization

A

Closer to zero and more likely to fire, only time you can’t fire again

24
Q

How do action potentials start?

A

Temporal Summation: signals coming close together, two high fives one after the other

Spatial Summation: signals coming close in space, double high fives

25
Q

Action Potential Sequence

A
  1. Membrane reaches depolarization (about -55mV)
  2. Sodium channels open
  3. Potassium channels open
  4. About +40mV sodium channels close
  5. Potassium channels still open for hyperpolarization
  6. About -70mV potassium channels close
  7. ATP pump gets to work

Image

26
Q

Examples of interference with action potentials…

A

Seizures: toxic accumulation of sodium
Scorpion Venom: blocks potassium channels
Local Anesthisia: blocks sodium channels

27
Q

Benefits of Saltatory Conduction

A
  1. Speed
  2. Saves energy

Cable property, dendrites and soma, lose momentum
All or none law, axon hillock and axon, send more not stronger messages

28
Q

So what do action potentials do?

A

They are the basis for everything you do

Release neurotransmitters into cleft
Active receptor on post-synapse

29
Q

Kinds of Receptors…

A

Ionotropic: quick, short lived, info comes and goes quickly

Metabotrophic: long, last longer, behavioral change

30
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Diffuse away
  2. Recycled into Pre-Synaptic cell
  3. Broken Down by enzymes

SSRI inhibits recycling of serotonin
MAOI inhibits enzyme that breaks down NT

31
Q

Four Major Groups of Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Neuropeptides
    Small chain of amino acid
    Most are neuromodulators (effect area of brain vs synaptic cleft)
    Examples: substance P, Endorphines
  2. Amino Acids (about 20)
    8 essential that have to come through diet
  3. Acetylcholine
  4. Monoamines
    Dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin
32
Q

Amino Acids:

GABA

A

GABA
Primary inhibitory NT
Most are ionotropic
Ex. Valium, Xanax, Ativan, benzodiazepines, replaced barbiturates which shit down medulla oblongata, stops breathing, used in seizures to stop looping from spreading in brain, ethanol inhibits glutamate and increases GABA, rebound effect, seizures when you binge drink often raise level with benzos so it doesn’t happen

33
Q

Amino Acids:

Glutamate

A

Primary excitatory NT

Excito Toxcisity: neurons excite themselves to death when neurons twist open and sends out glutamate

PCP: delusions, disorientation, hallucinations, blunted affect (mimics schizophrenia)

Micrographics, Parkinson’s, Hitler

34
Q

Acetylcholine

A 
Earliest discovered NT
Peripheral Nervous System
   Muscle action (voluntary)
Central Nervous System
   Learning and memory
   Attention
      Focused (one stimuli) and sustained attention (attention in class)

Acetylcholine in all: learning, retention, and recall

Vitamin B (thymine) stripped away, can’t use Ace, chronic alcoholics, Korsakoff Wrenicke Syndrome, no cure, treated with B1

35
Q

Curare

A

Curare results in muscle paralysis, heart works, skeletal muscles can’t function, no running

Small doses were used as muscle relaxants
Botulinum Toxin: prevents release of Ace, Botox
Black Widow Venom: stimulates release Ace, becomes tone, can’t move, Tonic

36
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

AchE (enzyme that breaks down Ace) Inhibitor
Donepezil (Aricept)
Tacrine (Cognex)

37
Q

Monoamines General

A

Essential Amino Acids turn into monoamines.

Image.

38
Q

PKU

A

100% avoidable cause of mental retardation

Screened at birth, turns phenylaline into toxin that kills the brain

39
Q

Dopamine

A

Substantia Nigra “black substance” (spot in the brain very rich with dopamine)
D1 (excitation) and D2 (inhibition)
Balanced movements

Ventral Tegmental Area
   System that goes from substantia nigra to forebrain, nucleus accumbens, limbic system
   Involved in
      Goal directed thinking, motivation, regulation affect
      Reward, powerful!
Animal studies
   Electrical stimulation
   Cocaine: blocks DA reuptake
   Amphetamine: increase DA release
   Nicotine: ACH to DA
   Marijuana: GABA to DA
What happens if you block DA receptors? Parkinson's syndromes tortive dyskinesia, positive symptoms go down and negative symptoms go down
40
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Loss of dopamine rigid nuclei in substantia nigra
Symptoms
Slow, rigid movements
Poor balance
Tremors at rest, rotational tremors
Dementia as a result (dementia pugalitica)
Similar to CTE, repeated blows to the head
4 in 127 people (movie set virus with Michael J Fox) vs 17 in 100,000 people
Katherine Hepburn, Janet Reno, Pope John Paul II, Billy Graham, Johnny Cash, Harry Truman

What to do to treat PD?
Increase dopamine, too big to make it through blood brain barrier, L-Dopa, makes it through the BBB and gets converted, give corda dopa to prevent conversion in the periphery

41
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Dopamine Theory
D2: positive symptoms: things are there but shouldn’t be
D1: negative symptoms
Dopamine blockers
Typical antipsychotics (dirty drugs)
Thorazine
Haldol
Warning: The mechanism of action on this medication has not been entirely determined. However, more effective for negative symptoms and positive symptoms
A–typical antipsychotics (Zy Prexia, Seroquel, Abilify, Resperical), partial agonist opens the door a little moving both to baseline
Mesolimbic system
Nucleus Accumbens, limbic system
Increase in DA causes positive symptoms
Mesolimbic system
Prefrontal cortex (attention, planning, motivated behaviors)
Depletion of DA causes negative symptoms

Neuropsychology (1 decks)

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