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ICM > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gelatin-like polysaccharide from marine algae

A

Agar

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2
Q

Anaerobe

A

Organism growing without oxygen

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3
Q

What sterilizes under pressure with steam

A

Autoclave

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4
Q

Enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

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5
Q

Enzyme that activates fibrinogen

A

Coagulase

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6
Q

Acronym for super bugs and cause many hospital acquired infections

A

ESKAPE

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7
Q

Product of fermination

A

Ethanol

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8
Q

What is a Fomite

A

Inanimate object that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission

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9
Q

Changes color upon pH change

A

Indicator

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10
Q

Organism that thrives in LOW oxygen enviornments

A

Microaerophile

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11
Q

Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage microorganisms in food and bev

A

Pasteurization

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12
Q

Inhibits cell well synthesis, first antibiotic discovered

A

Penicillin

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13
Q

What is a cell well polysaccharide requiring nitrogen

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What microorganism thrives in environments like the refrigerator and may spoil food

A

Psychrophile

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15
Q

Microorganism that likes hot environments

A

Thermophiles

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16
Q

What fundamental components are in ALL prokaryotes

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosome
?ribosome, nucleoid

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17
Q

One flagella

A

Monotrichous

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18
Q

2 flagella one on each end

A

Amphitrichous

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19
Q

Many tails on one end

A

Lophotrichous

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20
Q

Flagella all over

A

Peritrichous

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21
Q

Fimbriae

A

Small projections all over

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22
Q

Name for round cell

A

Coccus

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23
Q

Name for rod shaped cells

A

Bacillus

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24
Q

Curved shaped cells

A

Vibrio

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25
Q

Prefix for chain

A

Strepto-

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26
Q

Prefix fr cluster

A

Staphylo-

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27
Q

Tetrad

A

Group

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28
Q

What is the lag phase

A

Adapting to growth conditions

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29
Q

What is the Log phase

A

Exponential growth, highest growth phase

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30
Q

Stationary phase

A

of new bacteria = # of dying

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31
Q

Chemical requirements for cell growth

A

C H N O S P

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32
Q

What chemical runs out first leading to cell growth

A

Nitrogen

33
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor for fermentation?

A

Organic metabolite

34
Q

More susceptible to antibiotics, due to no outer cell wall

A

Gram positive

35
Q

Which type of bacteria have endotoxins and extotoxins?

A

Both have exo and only gram negative have endo

36
Q

what is the kingdom of a Eukaryotic unicellular organism

A

Protists

37
Q

Animals, fungi, plants, flagellates are
A. Prokaryotic
B. Archaea
C. Eukaryotic

A

C. Eukaryotic

38
Q

Are prions cellular or a-cellular

A

A cellular

39
Q

Most complex to least complex infectious diseases

A

Helmins, Protozoa, fungi, prokaryotes/bacteria, virus, viroids, prions

40
Q

Pair of two cocci

A

Diplococcus

41
Q

What do antibiotics target in the bacteria cell

A

Ribosomes, 70s in prokaryotes

42
Q

What is an inclusion

A

Storage of polymerized nutrients

43
Q

What is the role of pili

A

Transfer DNA between cells

44
Q

Types of staining

A

Gram, Acid fast, Endospore, flagella, capsule

45
Q

Final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration

A

O2

46
Q

What do cells require a constant source of?

A

NAD+

47
Q

What does Citrate test for?

A

Substrate - Increased pH = green to blue

48
Q

Positive for catalase tests?

A

Enzyme =bubbling

49
Q

Positive test for coagulase

A

Enzyme = clumping

50
Q

Testing product, from green to pink

A

Indole production/ Kovac’s reagent

51
Q

H2S/Hydrogen sulfide is a product test forming what

A

Black precipitate FeS

52
Q

when testing for products of fermentation, what will you see

A

pH drop changing indicator from red to yellow, bubble formation showing CO2 presents

53
Q

When fermentation occurs during testing wen is gas preset and not present

A

Lactic acid = no gas
Ethanol = gas (CO2)

54
Q

what are the physical requirements of microbial growth

A

Temperature, pH and osmolarity

55
Q

Mesophiles

A

Pathogens/human

56
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Multiply in cooler temps like refrigerator

57
Q

Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles

A

Hot springs/ compost
Deep seas

58
Q

Best long term storing of microorganisms

A

Lyophilization/freeze drying

59
Q

Direct method of measuring microbial reproduction

A

Serial dilution and viable plate counts
Membrane filtration
Microscopic counts

60
Q

Indirect ways to measure microbial growth

A

Dry weight
Turbidity/light absorbency

61
Q

Inanimate object that may harbor microbes

A

Fomite

62
Q

Removal of some not all pathogens from Fomites.

A

Disinfecion

63
Q

Removing of some but not all pathogens from living tissue

A

Antisepsis

64
Q

Removing pathogens to meet public health standards

A

Sanitization

65
Q

Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses

A

Sterilization

66
Q

When controlling microbial growth what are the targets of anti microbial methods

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Proteins
Nucleic acids

67
Q

Physical methods of microbial control

A

Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, filtration, radiation

68
Q

Moist heat is used in…
And what variable are they dependent on

A

Boiling-altitude
Autoclave- atm pressure
Pasteurization- balance of temp and time

69
Q

What is the ultimate means of sterilization

A

Dry heat/incineration

70
Q

Radiation controls microbial growth by doing what?
And what are the forms

A

Damaging DNA
-Ionization **used to sterilize when cannot be used in autoclave
-UV

71
Q

Types of filtration

A

Air
Membrane

72
Q

What is the method used to test effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants

A

Disk Diffusion Method

73
Q

What is penicillin made from

A

Mold - Penicillium notatum

74
Q

What are the types of anti microbial drugs

A

Natural
synthetic
Semisynthetic

75
Q

Are antimicrobil drugs typically specific to one group of microorganism or many?

A

One
Ex; Antibiotics-bacteria Antiviral-virus anti fungal-fungi etc

76
Q

Mechanisms of drug resistance

A

Inactivation of enzymes
Blocked penetration
Target modification
Efflux pump (pumps out)

77
Q

What does MRD’s stand for

A

Multi drug resistant microbes (Super bugs)

78
Q

Cross resistance

A

One resistant mechanism resists agains various drugs

ICM (1 decks)

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