Exam 1

Question 1

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 1

consists of the brain and the spinal cord, mostly composed of neurons

Question 2

What is the place where the brain connects to the spinal cord

Answer 2

foramen magnum

Question 3

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

consists of the nerves that carry signals to and from the CNS

Question 4

What is a nerve?

Answer 4

bundle of long axons that are packed togethr with blood vessels surrounded by connective tissue

Question 5

How are nerves named?

Answer 5

by their origin or destination

Question 6

How many cranial nerves and how many spinal nerves are there ?

Answer 6

12 cranial
31 spinal nervous

Question 7

Sensory function

Answer 7

-gathers information about internal and external environments through
-gathered by sensory division of PNS

Question 8

What are the two types of sensory division?

Answer 8

Somatic Sensory Divison
Visceral Sensory division

Question 9

Somatic Sensory division

Answer 9

-neurons carry signals from skeletal muscles, bones, joints, and skin and includes sensory neurons that tranmit signal from organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and balance

Question 10

Viceral sensory divison

Answer 10

transmit signals from organs

Question 11

Integrative function

Answer 11

performed by CNS (mostly brain) that analyzes and interperts the stimuli and dictates appropriate response

Question 12

Motor function

Answer 12

performed by efferent (carrying away) division of PNS
two types: Somatic Motor Division and Visceral Motor division

Question 13

Somatic motor division

Answer 13

signal to skeletal muscles and is under voluntary motor division

Question 14

Visceral motor division (automatic nervous system)

Answer 14

-signals to thoracic and abdominal viscera
-regulates secretion from glands, contraction of smooth muscle, and contraction of cardiac muscle in the heart (involuntary motor division)

Question 15

Neuroglial

Answer 15

smaller more prevalent cell in the nervous tissue; does not typically transmit signal, but does other supportive functions

Question 16

How do neurons send signals?

Answer 16

Based on action potential

Question 17

How is the cell body held together?

Answer 17

-most metabolically active part
-shape held by neuronal cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments)
-filaments bundle to make larger neurofibrils

Question 18

Multipolar neurons

Answer 18

-99% of all neurons
-single axon with multiple dendrites (widest variability in shape and size)

Question 19

Bipolar neurons

Answer 19

-2 processes: one axon and one dendrite
-majority are sensory neurons (located in retina of eye and olfactory epithelium or nasal cavity)

Question 20

Pseudounipolar neurons

Answer 20

-begin as bipolar neurons but 2 processes fuse to make single axon, as axon extends, it splits:

-One brings stimuli from sensory receptor of the cell body (peripheral process or axon)
-One travels to the spinal cord away from the cell body (central process of axon )

Question 21

What are the functional classifications of neurons ?

Answer 21

sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons

Question 22

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 22

-carry signal TOWARD CNS
-Receive signal to move electrial signal to cell body of PNS, Down axon to brain or spinal chord
-Usually pseudounipolar or bipolar bc they only recieive signla from one area

Question 23

Interneurons (association neurons)

Answer 23

-relay message in CNS (b/t sensory and motor neurons)
-information processing
-most neurons are interneurons
-MULTIPOLAR so they can interact with many other neurons

Question 24

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 24

-carry stimuli away from cell bodies in CNS to muscle and glands
-most multipolar bc they are complicated and require input from many neurons

Question 25

How many types of neurogila are there ?

Answer 25

6 (4 CNS and 2 PNS)

Question 26

Astrocytes

Answer 26

-most numerous and largest neurogila
Funcations:
-anchor neurons and blood vessels in place
-regulating the extracellular environment of brain via GAP junctions
-assisting in formation of blood brain barrier
-repairing damaged brain tissue