Exam 1 Flashcards
What are local manifestations of the inflammatory response? (Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation & Wound Healing)
The cardinal sign of inflammation
1). Erythema (redness)
2). Heat
3). Edema (swelling)
4). Pain
5). Loss of function
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
(Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation & Wound Healing)
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that activate macrophages and initiate specific, protective immune responses against pathogens and cancer (p. 144)
-B lymphocytes: produce antibodies via humoral immunity (process of adaptive immunity manifested by antibody production)
-T lymphocytes: acts against virus-infected cells and tumor cells and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity in which they kill targets DIRECTLY or stimulate the activity of other leukocytes.
*Functions of T-lymphocytes include:
1). Secreting cytokines (cells that control inflammation)
2). Stimulating B-lymphocytes
3). Killing virally infected cells
4). Killing malignant cells
What manifestations would you see with anaphylactic reactions? (Chapter 8 - Alterations in Immunity)
Anaphylaxis is defined as the the most RAPID and SEVERE immediate hypersensitivity reaction that occurs within MINUTES of re-exposure to the antigen.
Manifestations: bronchospasm, hypotension, urticaria, conjunctivitis. Edema of the throat (swelling of the throat) can also occur. These are all severe reactions that can lead to shock and death (p. 175).
What cells release histamine in the body and what would you expect as a direct response?
(Chapter 8 - Alterations in Immunity)
Mast cells and basophils release histamine in the body.
What’s expected as a direct response? Local edema, smooth muscle contraction, and mucous secretion (p. 175).
Side note: Histamine is associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions which are mediated by antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the products of tissue mast cells (p. 175).
What is the most severe consequence of anaphylactic reactions to a type I hypersensitivity?
(Chapter 8 - Alterations in Immunity)
Anaphylactic shock resulting in a life-threatening drop in BP is the most severe consequence of anaphylactic reactions. Shock and death may occur due to bronchospasms, hypotension, and edema of the throat (p. 175).
List the type of cancer treatments.
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology)
1). Surgery
2). Radiation therapy
3). Chemotherapy
4). Immunotherapy
5). Targeted disruption of cancer
What is the function of the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancer?
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology)
VEGF inhibits angiogenesis and diminishes tumor growth. Angiogenic factors and angiogenic inhibitors normally CONTROL the development of new vessels (p. 239).
»_space; Angiogenesis is responsible for formation of new blood vessels (p. 149)
Which cancers are likely secondary factors for construction workers from occupational hazards?
(Chapter 12 - Cancer Epidemiology)
Mesothelioma (due to particulate matter and carcinogens) and melanoma (due to sun exposure).
Which cancers are most prevalent with viruses and cervical cancer?
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology)
Human papillomavirus causes cervical cancer (p. 243).
»_space;>But there are specific strains of HPV that have the HIGHEST RISK for developing cervical cancer which are: HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, HPV-45.
Other cancers most prevalent with viruses are (p. 243):
1). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
2). Hepatitis B & C (HBV, HCV)
3). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (HSHV)
Which cancers are most prevalent while sunbathing?
(Chapter 12 - Cancer Epidemiology)
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and melanoma (p. 288).
What is the most common routes for the spread of metastases through the lymphatic system (Select all that apply)?
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology)
Blood vessels and the cardiovascular system (p. 255).
Inflammation as an etiology of cancer development would be linked to which disorder?
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology
Ulcerative colitis. One’s risk increases 30-fold for developing colon cancer as a result of this disorder (p. 242).
What do tumor markers consist of?
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology)
Hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies (p. 250).
T3 N1 M0 indicates which kind of cancer and how would you describe it?
(Chapter 11 - Cancer Biology)
T stands for primary tumor size, N stands for regional lymph nodes, and M stands for distant metastasis (p. 249).
Cancer staging:
>Stage 1: cancer is confined to the organ of origin
>Stage 2: cancer that is invasive locally
>Stage 3: cancer that has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes
>Stage 4: cancer that has spread to distant sites (metastasis)
This type of cancer (T3 N1 M0) is Stage 3.
T3 - the cancer has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes
N1 - lymph nodes are involved
M0 - indicates there are no metastases
What is the karyotype for a patient diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome?
(Chapter 2 - Genes & Genetic Diseases)
45,X (p. 47).
Genetic condition that affects females and results in missing sex chromosome (X).
The genetic disorder with XXY chromosomes is?
Chapter 2 - Genes & Genetic Diseases)
Klinefelter syndrome in which an individual has 2 X chromosomes and one Y chromosome in each cell (47,XXY).
P. 47
Mutations that do not change an amino acid’s sequences are known as what?
(Chapter 2 - Genes & Genetic Diseases)
Silent mutations. These mutations have no consequences (p. 41).
Known the difference in recurrent risk of autosomal dominant diseases.
(Chapter 2 - Genes & Genetic Diseases)
When one parent is affected an autosomal dominant disease (and is heterozygous) and the other is unaffected, the recurrent risk for each child is 1/2 (50%). Examples of autosomal diseases are Huntington’s disease and Marfan syndrome (p. 52).
What happens when homologous chromosomes fail to separate?
(Chapter 2 - Genes & Genetic Diseases)
Nondisjunction which results in aneuploidy (the presence of extra or missing chromosomes) from sister chromatids failing to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis (p. 45).
