Exam 1

Question 1

species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.

Answer 1

biological species concept

Question 2

evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

Answer 2

microevolution

Question 3

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Answer 3

natural selection

Question 4

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

Answer 4

adaption

Question 5

walls that divide hyphae into cellular components

Answer 5

septa

Question 6

Evolutionary history of a species

Answer 6

Phylogeny

Question 7

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships between species

Answer 7

phylogenetic tree

Question 8

purple clumps of spheres

gram-positive

Answer 8

MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Question 9

the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species

Answer 9

divergent evolution

Question 10

a fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands of nuclei
caused by repeated division of nucleus without

Answer 10

coenocytic fungi

Question 11

the closest living relative to land plants (stoneworts)

Answer 11

Charophyceae

Question 12

fungi that reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis
form visible mycelia

Answer 12

mold

Question 13

a plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system. typical of algae, fungi, lichens, and some liverworts.

Answer 13

thalli

Question 14

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Answer 14

hyphae

Question 15

secrete enzymes and then absorb the broken-down nutrients

fungi

Answer 15

absorptive nutrition

Question 16

VISIBLE reproductive structures, produce spores

all cells are dikaryotic (n+n)

ex. mushrooms

Answer 16

fruting bodies

Question 17

Fungal mycelia with the shape of roots to transport water and nutrients.

Answer 17

rhizomorphs

Question 18

mass of hyphae

constantly grows in direction of food

most hyphae are haploid, some are heterokaryotic

narrow dimensions, extensive branching = high surface area for absorption

osmosis important for growth

Answer 18

Mycelium

Question 19

A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different nuclei in the same cell.

Answer 19

heterokaryotic

Question 20

a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter

seek out large, complex molecules (ex. lignin, cellulose, proteins, nucleic acids) and breaks them down into smaller compounds

important to carbon cycle, turns complex molecules into reusable organic compounds.

Answer 20

saprophytes

Question 21

complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants.

Answer 21

lignin

Question 22

enzymes produced to specifically target cellulose to produce glucose

secreted by fungi into extracellular environment

.

Answer 22

cellulase

Question 23

a ring of basidiomycetous mushrooms

underground prescence of mycelia, fruiting bodies produced after.

Answer 23

fairy ring

Question 24

fungi lacking sexual reproduction (imperfect fungi).

Answer 24

Deuteromycetes

Question 25

- make a zoospore with a flagella during sexual reproduction - aquatic - only one w/ flagellated spore - most primitive fungi most closely related to protists -most are decomposers, some parasites .

Answer 25

Chytridmycota

Question 26

-non septate/irregularly septate hyphae - asexual spores -hyphae yoke together and fuse during sexual reproduction to form a durable, thick walled zygosporangium -most saprobes.

Answer 26

Zygomycota

Question 27

Groups of individuals of the same species that are subdivided from other populations by geography

Answer 27

Biological Populations

Question 28

Change in allele frequency of a species or population over time

Answer 28

biological evolution

Question 29

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time (speciation)...

Answer 29

Macroevolution

Question 30

mushrooms, rusts and smuts -most recently evolved -Basidia are specialized basidospore producing cells found on basidocarp (fruiting body) -long lived dikaryon

Answer 30

Basidomycota (club fungi)

Question 31

-sexual ascospores borne internally in sacs (asci) -asexual spores called conidia -asci produced on fruiting bodies called ascocarps -often combine with algae to form a lichen -ex penicillin, commercial yeast

Answer 31

ascoymycota

Question 32

microscopic protozoans that cause disease in insects ​ protists but phylogentically within fungi...

Answer 32

Microsporidia

Question 33

-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi -mutualistic obligate symbionts -aseptate hyphae -asexual reproduction

Answer 33

Glomeromycota

Question 34

-dermatophytes- athletes foot -cutaneous tinea- ring worm (capitas-scalp, cruris-groin) -pneymocysts pneudomonia- leading cause of death in aids -cryptococcosis-yeast mengingitis, lung infection, yeast carried by pigeons -White nose syndrome- bats

Answer 34

Fungal pathogen examples

Question 35

-nematophagous fungi (eat roundworms) 2 trapping methods -constricting rings (active trap) -adhesive structures (passive trap)

Answer 35

Predatory Fungi

Question 36

cut grass/leaves, carry to nest, use to grow fungus on which they later feed

Answer 36

Attini ants

Question 37

fungi + algae/cyanobacteria photosynthetic partner provides food + oxygen fungus provides CO2, water, and minerals 3 major forms -crustose -- grows close to substrate -foliose- leafy -fruticose- upright, branching

Answer 37

Lichen

Question 38

forms sheaths of hyphae over roots, grows into extracellular spaces of root cortex

Answer 38

**ecto**mycorrhizae

Question 39

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through cell walls of root cells and into tubs formed by invagination of root cell membrane

Answer 39

***Endo***mycorrhizae

Question 40

-Live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants -obtain organic food molecules from plants -contribute toxins or antibiotics that deter foraging animals, insect pests, and microbial pathogens

Answer 40

Fungal endophytes

Question 41

bottom dwelling organism

Answer 41

benthic

Question 42

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body (animals).

Answer 42

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 43

-tight junctions- between adjecent cels, prevent leakage -anchoring junctions- hold adjacent cells together, bonds cells to ECM -gap junctions- channels that permit the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between the cytosol of adjacent cells

Answer 43

types of cell junctions

Question 44

-no cell walls but have ECM and unique cell junctions -mucles and nerve tissue -multicellular -adults of most species are diploid

Answer 44

Animal synapomorphies

Question 45

1. Presence or absence of different tissue types 2. Type of body symmetry 3. Presence or absence of a true body cavity 4. Patterns of embryonic development 5. Metamerization

Answer 45

5 main morphological and developmental features (animals)

Question 46

absent radial (diploblastic) bilateral- face environment in one direction, allows for cephalization (triploblastic)

Answer 46

symmetry

Question 47

ectoderm- (outer) ex skin, nerves mesoderm- (middle) ex muscle endoderm- (inner) ex liver, lungs diploblast- ecto + endo triploblast- ecto + meso + endo

Answer 47

Germ layers

Question 48

layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of the body

Answer 48

Epithelium

Question 49

an animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers

Answer 49

diploblast

Question 50

an animal that develops from three germ layers germ layers develop into distinct adult, tissues, organs (coelom)...

Answer 50

triploblast