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Bio 106 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

week 1-4

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.

A

biological species concept

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2
Q

evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

A

microevolution

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3
Q

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

A

natural selection

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4
Q

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

A

adaption

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5
Q

walls that divide hyphae into cellular components

A

septa

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6
Q

Evolutionary history of a species

A

Phylogeny

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7
Q

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships between species

A

phylogenetic tree

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8
Q

purple clumps of spheres

gram-positive

A

MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

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9
Q

the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species

A

divergent evolution

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10
Q

a fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands of nuclei
caused by repeated division of nucleus without

A

coenocytic fungi

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11
Q

the closest living relative to land plants (stoneworts)

A

Charophyceae

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12
Q

fungi that reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis
form visible mycelia

A

mold

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13
Q

a plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system. typical of algae, fungi, lichens, and some liverworts.

A

thalli

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14
Q

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

A

hyphae

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15
Q

secrete enzymes and then absorb the broken-down nutrients

fungi

A

absorptive nutrition

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16
Q

VISIBLE reproductive structures, produce spores

all cells are dikaryotic (n+n)

ex. mushrooms

A

fruting bodies

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17
Q

Fungal mycelia with the shape of roots to transport water and nutrients.

A

rhizomorphs

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18
Q

mass of hyphae

constantly grows in direction of food

most hyphae are haploid, some are heterokaryotic

narrow dimensions, extensive branching = high surface area for absorption

osmosis important for growth

A

Mycelium

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19
Q

A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different nuclei in the same cell.

A

heterokaryotic

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20
Q

a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter

seek out large, complex molecules (ex. lignin, cellulose, proteins, nucleic acids) and breaks them down into smaller compounds

important to carbon cycle, turns complex molecules into reusable organic compounds.

A

saprophytes

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21
Q

complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants.

A

lignin

22
Q

enzymes produced to specifically target cellulose to produce glucose

secreted by fungi into extracellular environment

.

A

cellulase

23
Q

a ring of basidiomycetous mushrooms

underground prescence of mycelia, fruiting bodies produced after.

A

fairy ring

24
Q

fungi lacking sexual reproduction (imperfect fungi).

A

Deuteromycetes

25
Q
  • make a zoospore with a flagella during sexual reproduction
  • aquatic
  • only one w/ flagellated spore
  • most primitive fungi most closely related to protists

-most are decomposers, some parasites

.

A

Chytridmycota

26
Q

-non septate/irregularly septate hyphae

  • asexual spores

-hyphae yoke together and fuse during sexual reproduction to form a durable, thick walled zygosporangium

-most saprobes.

A

Zygomycota

27
Q

Groups of individuals of the same species that are subdivided from other populations by geography

A

Biological Populations

28
Q

Change in allele frequency of a species or population over time

A

biological evolution

29
Q

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time (speciation)…

A

Macroevolution

30
Q

mushrooms, rusts and smuts

-most recently evolved

-Basidia are specialized basidospore producing cells found on basidocarp (fruiting body)

-long lived dikaryon

A

Basidomycota (club fungi)

31
Q

-sexual ascospores borne internally in sacs (asci)

-asexual spores called conidia

-asci produced on fruiting bodies called ascocarps

-often combine with algae to form a lichen

-ex penicillin, commercial yeast

A

ascoymycota

32
Q

microscopic protozoans that cause disease in insects
​
protists but phylogentically within fungi…

A

Microsporidia

33
Q

-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

-mutualistic obligate symbionts

-aseptate hyphae

-asexual reproduction

A

Glomeromycota

34
Q

-dermatophytes- athletes foot

-cutaneous tinea- ring worm (capitas-scalp, cruris-groin)

-pneymocysts pneudomonia- leading cause of death in aids

-cryptococcosis-yeast mengingitis, lung infection, yeast carried by pigeons

-White nose syndrome- bats

A

Fungal pathogen examples

35
Q

-nematophagous fungi (eat roundworms)

2 trapping methods

-constricting rings (active trap)

-adhesive structures (passive trap)

A

Predatory Fungi

36
Q

cut grass/leaves, carry to nest, use to grow fungus on which they later feed

A

Attini ants

37
Q

fungi + algae/cyanobacteria

photosynthetic partner provides food + oxygen

fungus provides CO2, water, and minerals

3 major forms

-crustose – grows close to substrate

-foliose- leafy

-fruticose- upright, branching

A

Lichen

38
Q

forms sheaths of hyphae over roots, grows into extracellular spaces of root cortex

A

ectomycorrhizae

39
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

extend hyphae through cell walls of root cells and into tubs formed by invagination of root cell membrane

A

Endomycorrhizae

40
Q

-Live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants

-obtain organic food molecules from plants

-contribute toxins or antibiotics that deter foraging animals, insect pests, and microbial pathogens

A

Fungal endophytes

41
Q

bottom dwelling organism

A

benthic

42
Q

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body (animals).

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

43
Q

-tight junctions- between adjecent cels, prevent leakage

-anchoring junctions- hold adjacent cells together, bonds cells to ECM

-gap junctions- channels that permit the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between the cytosol of adjacent cells

A

types of cell junctions

44
Q

-no cell walls but have ECM and unique cell junctions

-mucles and nerve tissue

-multicellular

-adults of most species are diploid

A

Animal synapomorphies

45
Q
  1. Presence or absence of different tissue types
  2. Type of body symmetry
  3. Presence or absence of a true body cavity
  4. Patterns of embryonic development
  5. Metamerization
A

5 main morphological and developmental features (animals)

46
Q

absent

radial (diploblastic)

bilateral- face environment in one direction, allows for cephalization (triploblastic)

A

symmetry

47
Q

ectoderm- (outer) ex skin, nerves

mesoderm- (middle) ex muscle

endoderm- (inner) ex liver, lungs

diploblast- ecto + endo

triploblast- ecto + meso + endo

A

Germ layers

48
Q

layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of the body

A

Epithelium

49
Q

an animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers

A

diploblast

50
Q

an animal that develops from three germ layers

germ layers develop into distinct adult, tissues, organs (coelom)…

A

triploblast

Bio 106 (1 decks)

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