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Motor Speech Disorders > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are motor speech disorders?

A

Motor Speech Disorders are a collection of speech production deficits that are caused by the abnormal functioning of the motor system.

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2
Q

What types of speech disorders are classified as MSD?

A

Dysarthrias and apraxia

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3
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

impaired production of speech because of disturbances in the neuromuscular control of the speech mechanism
Can involve respiration, prosody, resonance, and phonation.

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4
Q

What is apraxia?

A

*deficit in the ability to sequence the correct movements needed to carry out a familiar action
*A deficit in the ability to smoothly sequence and place the tongue, lips, and jaw during speech
*damage in the left hemisphere of the brain

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5
Q

Why is it important to understand historical perspectives of MSD?

A

a valuable part of any study is understanding the historical context from which the subject developed. It adds a sense of depth and continuity that is otherwise difficult to obtain

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6
Q

What do we know about the medical writers from their studying the historical accounts of MSD?

A

they were trying to take an analytical approach to medicine

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7
Q

What is the Hippocratic Corpus? Who wrote it?

A
  • Greek texts with the earliest accounts of speech language disorders. Collection of originally 70 volumes, only 60 of these volumes survive to the present time.
  • Hippocrates was not the sole writer or maybe didnt even write any at all. It is thought that it is a collection of writers contributed over a period of 100 years.
  • It is possible that the actual writers were physicians that were part of a school founded by Hippocrates
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8
Q

Did the ancient Greeks have a modern day understanding of how voice, language, and speech differ?

A

It is less certain if they had a modern day understanding of how voice, speech, and language differ, as can be seen in their vague medical descriptions of these communicative processes.

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9
Q

What was the significance of the heart in ancient times with regard to speech and emotion?

A
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10
Q

Which artist depicted ventricular localization in their paintings?

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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11
Q

From where did folks in the middle ages believe senses were controlled?

A

the meninges- the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Who was the first person to clearly describe apraxia?

A

Bernard of Gordon and Liepmann

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13
Q

What type of apraxia did Liepmann most describe in his report?

A

limb apraxia

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14
Q

What type of apraxia did Wernicke describe?

A

nonverbal oral apraxia

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15
Q

Who introduced the more standardized method of naming and classifying MSD?

A

Darley, Aronson, and Brown

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16
Q

What is the most complex part of the nervous system?

A

brain

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17
Q

How is the brain divided?

A

divided into the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

the cerebral cortex is the surface of the cerebrum. It is important because this is where the higher cognitive activities, such as language, motor planning, problem solving, and mush sensory perception are performed.

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19
Q

What are cranial nerve nuclei?

A

where the cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem

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20
Q

Explain the function of the cerebellum

A

helps to regulate muscle tone, maintain balance, and coordinate skilled motor movements

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21
Q

Explain the function of dendrites.

A

they receive electrochemical impulses from other neurons or from sensory organs.

22
Q

What are the 3 primary components of neurons?

A

the cell body, dendrites, and axons

23
Q

Explain the function of neurons

A

transmit the electrochemical signals that control nearly every function of the body

24
Q

What are the most important cells of the nervous system?

A

neurons

25
Q

What is the difference between tracts and nerves?

A

tracts are bundles of axons such as those found in the CNS
Nerves are bundles of axons found in the PNS

26
Q

What are two important neurotransmitters in the motor system?

A

Acetylcholine and Dopamine

27
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

the neuron conducts a small electrochemical charge along the length of its axon. When the charge reaches the axons terminal ramifications, small amounts of neurotransmitter are released from these endpoints. The neurotransmitter crosses a microscopic gap (synaptic cleft) between the active neuron and an adjoining neuron.

28
Q

What makes up the primary cortex?

A

Comprises the parts of the cerebrum that are dedicated to the analysis of a single type of neural input. These areas include: primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary sensory cortex, and primary motor cortex.

29
Q

How is the primary motor cortex linked with the association cortex?

A

The association cortex receives much of its sensory input from the primary cortexes. Once it receives the input, the association cortex then makes sense of it.

30
Q

Spasticity may occur as a result of damage to the _________?

A

neurotransmitters

31
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

subcortical gray matter structure, the “doorway” through which subcortical systems of the nervous system communicate with the cerebral cortex. The thalamus receives neural inputs of planned motor movements from both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum

32
Q

Differentiate between sensory neurons and motor neurons? For example, which is afferent and which is efferent?

A

Sensory/Afferent : carry information related to sensory stimuli from the PNS to the CNS
Motor/Efferent: carry information away from the CNS, cause contractions in muscles to kick off movement

33
Q

What do clinicians mostly rely on for dx of MSD? Instrumental or perceptual analysis?

A

perceptual, instrumental is very expensive and not always available. Perceptual uses ears to to detect MSD

34
Q

What are the five components of speech production?

A

Respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody

35
Q

What is apraxia of speech?

A

a motor speech disorder that affects the ability to sequence the motor commands needed to move the articulators smoothly from one position to another during the production of voluntary speech; result of CNS damage (NOT WEAKNESS/SLOWNESS)

36
Q

Damage motor components effecting respiration might result in what characteristics?

A

Short phrases, reduced loudness/ intensity and breathy vocal quality

37
Q

Damage to motor components effecting resonance might result in what characteristics

A

nasal speech

38
Q

Damage to motor components effecting phonation might result in what characteristics?

A

flaccidity, spasticity, and damage to laryngeal muscles that cause impairments in the ability to change pitch and loudness

39
Q

Damage to motor components effecting articulation might result in what characteristics

A

May affect lips, tongue, jaw, velum, or vocal folds. Will result in articulation errors, imprecise consonants or distortions of vowels.

40
Q

Damage to motor components effecting prosody might result in what characteristics?

A

May result in mono pitch and monolog qualities. Involuntary movements can result in irregular pitch variations, irregular stress patterns, variable loudness, and prolonged intervals between phonemes and or words.

41
Q

What must a clinician do when conducting a MSD examination?

A
  1. Collect relevant medical and social history
  2. assess the strength and function of the speech motor system
  3. formulate a diagnosis, define the scope and severity of the MS difficulty
  4. determine the baseline for beginning treatment
  5. decide on specific treatment that will be most impactful on the patients communication, and set forth long and short term goals
42
Q
  1. Should one observe the velum and pharynx at rest and movement? Why?
A

yes, you should see the velum rise and return to the resting position between repeating /a/ and this allows for you to see the full range of motion and the sides and upper back of the pharynx should move slightly inward to meet the rising velum.

43
Q

What kinds of tasks would be more difficult for someone with apraxia of speech?

A

initiating speech, intrusion of the schwa, and abnormal prosody counting backwards, repeating low frequency multisyllabic words, repeating long sentences with multisyllabic words,

44
Q

What causes apraxia of speech? Muscle weakness? Sequencing? Reduced Range of motion?

A

Apraxia of speech is often associated with left hemisphere damage to the brain. It is NOT a language disorder, caused by muscle weakness or caused by muscle slowness

45
Q

What is the first step in any MSD Evaluation?

A

collect relevant medical ad social history

46
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

small spontaneous contractions of muscle tissue, often seen after lower motor neuron damage

47
Q

What can you glean from getting a background information from a client?

A

to obtain a good description and understanding of the patient and a baseline against which to compare effects of treatment. You also know if the condition is organic or psychogenic

48
Q

What are the six salient features of motor movements that the clinician should assess?

A
  1. muscle strength
  2. speed of movement
  3. range of motion
  4. accuracy of movement
  5. motor steadiness
  6. muscle tone
49
Q

What is an AMR? What is an SMR? Give an example of each.

A

determines speed of movement for speech, AMR= alternate motion rate and SMR=sequential motion rate
AMR is a single syllable, SMR is a sequence of syllables

50
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial Innervate muscles of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. spinal project from the spinal cord and innervate the remaining muscles of the body

51
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord, houses the nuclei (origin) of the cranial nerves that innervate all of the speech music;ature except those involved in reparation

52
Q

What is dysarthria

A

a speech production deficit resulting from neuromotor damage to the PNS or the CNS

Motor Speech Disorders (1 decks)

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