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Health Care Systems > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which country has the only health care system not designed by the government?

A

The United States

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2
Q

What is the welfare clause?

A

A section in the U.S. constitution where it states they shall provide for general welfare, its not specific at all and could mean many things such as education, infrastructure, and income re-distribution

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3
Q

What is the commerce clause?

A

A clause that states that congress can have power to regulate commerce that travels across state lines (sulfanilamide poisoning)

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4
Q

What are state governments allowed to do?

A

They are able to retain broad powers not given to the federal government and to promote health BUT not health care

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5
Q

What is the entire extent that the government is involved in your health care?

A

“provide for the general welfare”
“regular commerce between states”
“to enact and enforce laws to protect the health, safety, morals, order, peace, comfort and general welfare of the people”

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6
Q

What is PPACA?

A

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act set in place by Obama

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7
Q

What are the 3 justifications for government involvement in our HC?

A
  1. Economic Efficiency
  2. Social Equity “HC should be “fair””
  3. Safety “MAJOR driver”
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8
Q

What are the 4 viewpoints on HC systems from a libertarian viewpoint “republican”

A
  1. Personal responsibility
  2. Social concern
  3. Freedom “ultimate point”
  4. Equality
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9
Q

What are the 4 viewpoints on HC systems from a egalitarian viewpoint? “democrat”

A
  1. Personal Responsibility “HC is a right”
  2. Social Concern “self sufficiency”
  3. Freedom “No government intervention”
  4. Equality “remove the barriers that isolates people”
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10
Q

What branch of the government is the FDA located in?

A

The executive branch

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11
Q

What does the legislative branch do?

A

Create and enact laws and oversee implementation of the LAW “answer to judiciary branch”

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12
Q

What does the executive branch do?

A

Promulgate regulations, implement and administer laws to legislative.

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13
Q

What will happen if legislative and executive are opposite parties?

A

They wont agree on many laws

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14
Q

What does the judiciary branch do?

A

They act as a ref for the other 2 parties “checks and balances”

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15
Q

What does society have to do with control over healthcare?

A

We get to vote for people who will make change in office

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16
Q

What are the 4 roles of government in HC?

A
  1. Regulate “Quality standards, FDA, determine Rx vs OTC”
  2. Finance “Government pays for HC, around 40-50% of ALL HC is financed by the government”
  3. Provide “to lower income households, active military, and veterans”
  4. Purchase/Consume “buying HC insurance for government employees”
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17
Q

What are the 3 definitions of Health?

A
  1. Who “a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease”
  2. Webster “Sound physical or mental condition”
  3. Dubos “a state of being enabling imperfect men to achieve a rewarding and not too painful existence while they cope with an imperfect world”
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18
Q

What year did many new technologies come out relating to HC?

A

1847, chloroform, anesthetics, cleaning surgery utensils became a thing leading to less deaths

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19
Q

What did Dr. John Snow do in 1953?

A

He used chloroform to the queen for her last two child births

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20
Q

What happened in the institutionalization period? (1850-1900)

A

With the new addition of anesthesia and adoption of hygiene surgery became POSSIBLE

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21
Q

When did Purdue RX get formed?

A

1884

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22
Q

Methods of payment in older US for physicians?

A

If they weren’t able to help the patient they wouldn’t get paid

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23
Q

What was one of the key issues that resolved in the evolution of our health care?

A

WW2

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24
Q

Why did WW2 have such a great impact of HC systems?

A

People at home didnt have enough money to pay with goods so they got health care benefits instead which eventually lead to HC insurance

25
Q

What happened once employer HC insurance became a thing?

A

It went to court to figure out if it is a taxable form of income which eventually got ruled against and it was deemed as non-taxable income

26
Q

What happened in the health care systems from WW2 to 1990’s?

A

New predominant health problems - heart disease, cancers and stoke
Technology - explosive growth of medical science, technology captures the HC system
Cat scans, radiation treatments, and some targeted drugs
-Social.org - concept of HC as a right; governmental responsibility to monitor and organize HC for everyone
-Medicaid and medicare become single biggest consumers of HC resources

27
Q

What was the leading cause of death in 1900?

A

Cardiovascular disease

28
Q

What has happened to total deaths in the U.S. since the 1900’s?

A

The total deaths per capita have gone down tremendously

29
Q

What has happened to all disease related deaths since 1920?

A

They have all gone down to almost nothing now

30
Q

What did public health sanitation have an impact on?

A

By adding water service and sewage service the total death tole has gone down

31
Q

What grealty reduced deaths in the early start of the HC system?

A

Public health measures, nothing to do with HC

32
Q

What is the big 3 in HC?

A

the ability to provide care
the people who receive care
the way we pay for care

33
Q

Is there rationing in the HC system?

A

Yes, medicaid is starting to show limitations
some state programs restrict amount of Rx’s a month
commercial insurance limiting too
care cannot be obtained - period

34
Q

How much money does the U.S. roughly spend per person in 2021?

A

around 13,000 per person per year

35
Q

What is the HCE as a % of GDP in 2020 vs 1929?

A

2020 = 19.7% vs 1929 = 3.5%

36
Q

Military spending % of GDP vs HC?

A

Military spending is around 5% while HC is around 20%

37
Q

Is the health care spending increase due to population increase?

A

No, the population has stayed roughly the same while spending has skyrocketed

38
Q

The government spent 4.2 billion $ on HC in 2021 where did most of the money get spent?

A

71% on health insurance

39
Q

Where does health care inflation come from?

A

the 4 major factors include
-population, general inflation, excess health care inflation, and increased utilization/intensity of health care services

40
Q

Doctors expenses?

A

Doctors order all tests to make sure they didnt miss anything and get filled for malpractice = $$$

41
Q

What type of consumed good has the greatest CPI (consumer price index)

A

HEALTH CARE

42
Q

What type of health care expenditure had the greatest $$ amount?

A

Hospitals

43
Q

What is the burden in HC?

A

Has income or revenue kept pace with health care expenditures?

44
Q

Private health insurance lineal graph correlation?

A

Health insurance premiums are correlated to workers contributions to premiums
BUT
workers earnings are not and they are correlated with overall inflation of the economy

45
Q

Which country spends the most money on HC?

A

The U.S.

46
Q

Which country has the greatest % of private insurance?

A

The U.S. this is not a good thing

47
Q

We have the most costly HC in the world but we still dont have the greatest life expectancy.

A

yuh

48
Q

How does the U.S. look compared to other countires life expectancy vs per capita expenditures?

A

We have the absolute worst

49
Q

How does the U.S. compare to other countries compared with fetal deaths under 1 year old?

A

We are the 4th worst, far from having the best rate

50
Q

Parinatal deaths in the U.S. compared to others

A

Middle of the pack, this is not good considering how much money that we spend on HC

51
Q

What is the primary driving force on debt?

A

HC spending

52
Q

When we spend so much on HC it costs us in other areas of life what are these?

A

We get forced to pay more in taxes and have to deal with inflation, Universities prices have gone up 1115% since 1978…..

53
Q

What is tax law?

A

If you pay OOP for health care it will become taxed allowing for LESS money to be spent on HC
WHILE
if insurance gets paid for by your company it doesn’t get taxed allowing for MORE money to be spent on HC

54
Q

What do some people propose to help fix the tax law?

A

Some people think we need to tax health care benefits from employers or give a tax break to those who purchase individual HC

55
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

A type of HC used to protect healthy people from developing a disease of experiencing an injury in the first place

56
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

After an illness/at risk status diagnosis. trying to either halt or slow the process of disease if possible in its earliest stage. usually done by a specialist

57
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Helping people manage long-term complicated health problems, preventing physical deterioration and maximizing the quality of life achievable

58
Q

What type of hospital has increase over the past 20 years?

A

For profits, this leads to an increase in overall HC costs

Health Care Systems (1 decks)

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