Exam 1

Question 1

5 characteristics of a living organism

Answer 1

cells (made up of membrane bound cells)
replication (capable of reproduction)
information processing (hereditary info in genes)
energy (acquire/use energy)
evolution (continually evolving)

Carl Reads In Empty Evenings

Question 2

experimental design

Answer 2

ask questions (observations), make hypothesis, experiment, use evidence to either reject or support hypothesis, then scientific theory

Question 3

3 theories

Answer 3

cell theory (what organisms are made of)
theory of evolution (natural selection)
theory of inheritance (chromosomes)

Question 4

cell theory

Answer 4

all organisms made up of cells, they come from preexisting cells

Question 5

Louis pasteur’s experiment

Answer 5

flask with open neck other with swan neck, concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells because with the swan neck the cells would get trapped in the neck and no cells would generate in the broth

Question 6

theory of inheritance

Answer 6

genetic information is encoded in genes located on chromosomes

Question 7

theory of evolution

Answer 7

tree of life depicts evolutionary history through family tree of all organisms

Question 8

3 groups of organisms

Answer 8

eukaryotes
bacteria (prokaryote)
archaea (prokaryote)

Question 9

bacteria/archaea

Answer 9

unicellular prokaryote

Question 10

eukarya

Answer 10

unicellular and multicellular eukaryote
can be protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Question 11

levels of organization

Answer 11

atom, molecule, cells, organelle, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 12

big 4 elements

Answer 12

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
CHON Carl Has Open Nuts

Question 13

atomic sturcture

Answer 13

proton and neutron in nucleus, electrons in outer rings (electron shell ring 1: 2)

Question 14

valence electrons

Answer 14

electrons in outermost shell, decides chemical properties, they are either shared gained or lost

Question 15

3 bonds

Answer 15

ionic, covalent (polar and non polar), hydrogen

Question 16

ionic bond

Answer 16

electron transferred (loss of electron) there is a charge!
attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 17

covalent bonds

Answer 17

valence electrons are shared (nonpolar=symmetrical, polar=unevenly shared)

Question 18

electronegatvity

Answer 18

determined by number of protons

Question 19

hydrogen bond

Answer 19

hydrogen atom attached to electronegative atom (slightly positive and slightly negative)

Question 20

properties of water

Answer 20

life based on water
water is a universal solvent
cohesion/adhesion
surface tension
specific heat capacity
low density
neutral ph

Question 21

carbon

Answer 21

essential to life (all molecules have this atom), four covalent bonds (very versatile)

Question 22

polymerization

Answer 22

monomers bonded together to form polymers through condensation reactions (dehydration synthesis)
–> loss of water bonds

Question 23

hydrolysis

Answer 23

addition of water breaks bonds that link monomers

Question 24

functional groups

Answer 24

hydroxyl (carbohydrates): weak acid
carbonyl (lipids): link molecules to more complex compounds
carboxyl (proteins): drop proton act as acid
amino (proteins): attract proton act as base
phosphate (DNA): two negative charges

Question 25

amino acid

Answer 25

made of amino group (NH^2), carboxyl group (COOH), r group (side chain which decides protein, and hydrogen atom

Question 26

side chain

Answer 26

20 side chains determined through charge, uncharged polar, and nonpolar
–>determines whether it is hydrophillic or hydrophobic

Question 27

polymerization of amino acids

Answer 27

polymerize through peptide bond between carboxyl and amino group

Question 28

levels of protein

Answer 28

primary: sequence of amino acid (fundamental to higher levels of protein)
secondary: pleated sheet, helix
tertiary: folding into three dimensional polypeptide
quaternary: interaction of all subunits to form single structure

Question 29

denaturation

Answer 29

denatured (unfolded protein) unable to function normally

Question 30

nucleic acid

Answer 30

polymer of nucleotide

Question 31

nucleotide

Answer 31

phosphate group, five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 32

RNA vs DNA

Answer 32

ribonucleotides –> RNA (ribose, OH bonded to 2’ carbon
deoxyribonucleotides –> DNA (deoxyribose, H bonded to 2’ carbon)

Question 33

purines vs pyrimidines

Answer 33

purines= 2 rings (adenine, guanine)
pyrimidines= 1 ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)

Question 34

phosphodiester bond

Answer 34

condensation reaction to bond phosphate to sugar to form phosphodiester linkage

Question 35

DNA structure

Answer 35

double helix (a-t, g-c), wraps around histones (proteins), stable due to phosphodiester bonds

Question 36

carbohydrates

Answer 36

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1:2:1
carbonyl group and hydroxyl group
hydrophillic
important for energy

Question 37

lipids

Answer 37

form by condensation reaction between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

Question 38

phospholipid

Answer 38

phosphate group and two fatty acid chains
–>hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail (amphipathic)

Question 39

bilayer

Answer 39

selective permeability (only allows certain things to pass)

Question 40

membrane transport

Answer 40

small/nonpolar can pass through quickly
charged/large needs transport proteins

Question 41

ways of transport

Answer 41

passive: diffusion/osmosis, facilitated (channels or carriers
active: against concentration gradient, requires energy

Question 42

tonicity

Answer 42

hypertonic: outside solution has higher concentration than inside
hypotonic: outside has lower concentration then inside
isotonic: concentrations equal