Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Right and left halves
2
Q
Coronal/ frontal
A
Anterior and posterior
3
Q
Transverse
A
Superior and inferior halves
4
Q
The shaft in long bones
A
Diaphysis
5
Q
The diaphysis is made up of
A
Hard, compact bone
6
Q
Diaphysis wall
A
Cortex
7
Q
Outer surface/membrane of the diaphysis
A
Periosteum
8
Q
Contains fatty marrow
A
Medullary cavity
9
Q
At each end of the long bone
A
Epiphysis
10
Q
Spongy bone or
A
Cancellous bone
11
Q
New bone is formed by specialized cells known as
A
Osteoblasts
12
Q
Cells that reabsorb old bone are
A
Osteoclasts
13
Q
Cortisol bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress but less
A
Strain
14
Q
Bone in a healthy bone will adapt to the loads it is placed under
A
Wolffs Law
15
Q
Synovial joints are freely
A
Moveable
16
Q
Protein molecule that is attached to many gylcosaminoglycans
A
Proteoglycan
17
Q
Tensile strength
A
Collagen
18
Q
Most abundant protein in the body
A
Collagen
19
Q
Collagen in bone
A
Shear strength
20
Q
Collagen in tendons
A
Tensile strength
21
Q
How many types of collagen
A
4
22
Q
Most abundant collagen in the body
A
Type 1
23
Q
Type 1 cartilage is in
A
Bones, skin, and tendons
24
Q
Type 2 collagen
A
Cartilage
25
Type 3 cartilage
Blood vessels
26
Type 4 collagen
Sheet like structures
27
Connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes
Cartilage
28
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
29
Muscle tissue =
Primary tissue
30
Skeletal muscles are =
Voluntary
31
Muscle cells are specialized for
Contractions
32
Functions of skeletal muscle
Allow us to move, keep posture, layer of protection, and helps maintain temp
33
Skeletal muscle has 3 layers of
Connective tissue
34
3 layers of connective tissue in a muscle
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
35
The epimysium surrounds
Collagen and the whole muscle (the outer bag)
36
The perimysium surrounds
Fascicles
37
The endomysium surrounds
The individual fibers (deepest)
38
Muscle fiber bundles
Fascicles
39
At the ends of muscles (attach muscle to bone)
Tendons
40
Muscles have extensive
Vascular networks
41
Skeletal muscle fibers look
Striated
42
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
43
What happens when there is a change in membrane potential ?
Muscle contraction (shorten)
44
Tubes that extend from the surface deep into the sarcoplasm
Transverse T tubules
45
Transmit action potentials
Sarcolemma
46
Stripes and multi nuclei
Muscle cells
47
T tubules bring
Action potentials into the cell
48
Tubular network surrounding myofibrils
Chambers (terminal cistenae) to T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
49
Terminal cisternae and T tubules from a
Triad
50
Responsible for contraction
Myofibrils
51
Made up of protein filaments
Myofibrils
52
Thick and thin filaments are
Microfibrils
53
Thick filament
Myosin
54
Thin filament
Actin
55
Smallest functional unit of muscle fiber
Sarcomere
56
Dark bands
A bands
57
Light bands
I
58
M line
Center of a band , runs vertically, proteins stabilize thick filaments
59
H band
On either side of m band
Thick filaments only
60
Where thick and thin filaments overlap
Zone of overlap
61
I band contains only
Light filaments
62
Z lines mark the boundaries between
Sarcomeres
63
Green squiggles
Titin
64
Elastic protein, tip of thick filament to a line, helps sarcomere stretch back to its normal lengths
Titin
65
Contain f actin, tropomysosin, and troponin
Thin filaments
66
Sites to bind myosin
G actin molecules (g= globular)
67
Troponin blocks
Active sites for binding
68
Each have a tail and a head
Myosin (hinge allows the head to move)
69
Sliding Filament Theory
Contraction of muscles, h and I bands narrow , zones of overlap will widen and the z lines move closer together.
70
Thin filaments must slide towards
The middle of the sarcomere
71
In order for a muscle to be contracted you need an
Action potential
72
Space between neuron and skeletal muscle fiber
Neuromuscular joint
73
Axon terminal of motor neuron releases a
Neurotransmitter
74
the neurotransmitter that transmits a signal
Acetylcholine
75
Acetylcholine binds to the blank channel
Na+
76
Na+ depolarizes the
Motor end plate
77
The terminal end goes to the
Muscle fiber
78
Receives the information
Motor end plate
79
Action potential goes through the
T tubules
80
The action potential causes calcium to be released from
Sr
81
Calcium binds to troponin to change
Shape
82
When the myosin heads have what they are ready
ADP and phosphate
83
Cross bridge formation
Calcium exposes active sites, myosin heads will bind to the thin filaments
84
Myosin pulls actin toward
Midline
85
‘Types of muscle contractions
Isotonic, isometric
86
Skeletal muscle changes in length
Isotonic
87
Isometric
There is no change in length
88
Concentric
Muscle tension exceeds the load , muscle shortens
89
Concentric example
Raising a dumbbell
90
Eccentric
Peak tension is less than the load . Muscle will elongate due to contraction of another muscle or gravity.
Ex: lowering a dumbbell
91
Articulations =
Joints
92
Where 2 bones meeet, body movement occurs here
Joints
93
Some joints will have no
Movement
94
Stronger the joint , the less it will
Move
95
Structural classification of joint
Fibrous, cartilaginous , bony, or synovial
96
Functional classifications
Synarthrosis, amphirarthroses, diarhrosis
97
Immovable joint
Synarthrosis
98
Freely moveable
Diarthrosis
99
Synarthrosis
Immovable, tough
Edges of bone may touch, interlock
Ex: sutures of bones/skull
Gomorphis (teeth)
100
Synovial joints
Freely moveable, ends of long bones, surrounded by a joint capsule,
101
Articulate cartilage prevents
Contact between bones
102
One plane of motion
Monaxial
103
2 planes of motion
Biaxial
104
One plane of motion ex
Elbow
105
2 planes of motion ex
Wrist
106
3 planes (triaxial) ex
Hip
107
Strength compromises
Motion
108
What is the joint capsule lined with
Synovial membrane
109
Synovial fluid fills
Joint space
110
Consistency of synovial fluid
Egg yolk
111
Synovial joints are mobile but
Weak
112
Thick pad of cartilage
Meniscus
113
Adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane (cushions joint)
Fat pads
114
Ligament with torn collagen fibers
Sprain
115
Attack to muscles
Tendons
116
Small pockets of synovial fluid
Bursae
117
Most moveable joint in the body
Shoulder
118
When 2 flat surfaces slide past each other
Gliding membrane
119
Circular movement without rotation
Circumduction
120
Rotation in reference to anatomical position
Rotational movement
121
Rotating radius across ulna
Pronation
122
Palms facing forward
Supination
123
Drawing jaw
Depression
124
Bones classified by
Shape and structure
125
Patella bone type
Sesamoid
126
Shaft of long bone
Diaphysis
127
Diaphysis is made up of
Compact bone
128
The central space in the diaphysis =
Medullary cavity (bone marrow )
129
Wide part at each end of the long bone
Epiphysius
130
Epiphysius is made of
Sponges bone
131
spongey bone =
Trabecular bone
132
2 layers of compact bone sandwich a spongey bone
Flat bones
133
All connective tissues have a matrix made with collagen to hold
Cells
134
Bone has a dense matrix due to deposits of
Calcium salts
135
What are bone cells within lacunae organized around blood vessels
Osteocytes
136
Narrow passageways that alllow for exchange of nutrients, gasses, and wastes
Canaliculi
137
Covers outer surface of the bone
Periosteum
138
In the bone matrix, calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of
Hydroxyapatite
139
Calcium and collagen make the bone
Strong
140
The lack of calcified matrix would cause the bone to be extremely
Flexible
141
Stem cells , divide to produce osteoblasts
Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor cells)
142
Immature cells that make new bone matrix , become osteocytes
Osteoblasts
143
Mature bone cells (do not divide ) in the lacunae
Osteocytes
144
Absorb and remove bone , many nuclei
Osteoclasts
145
Unit of dense , compact bone
Osteon
146
Layers of the bone matrix
Lamelle
147
Spongey bones lack
Osteons
148
Constant state of motion
Statics
149
Statics has no
Acceleration
150
Dynamics
Acceleration, unbalanced, unequal forces on the body
151
The DESCRIPTION of motion in relation to mass, time, and displacement
Kinematics
152
The study of the forces associated with motion of the body
Kinetics
153
Load/effort
Mechanical advantage
154
Mechanical advantage
Small force moving greater resistance
155
Used to inc mechanical advantage
Machines
156
3 types of machines to produce movement
Levers, pulleys, wheels/axes
157
Humans move through a system of
Levers
158
Rigid bar that turns around an axis at rotation
Levers
159
Point of rotation =
Axis (fulcrum)
160
Bones =
Bars
161
Joints =
Axes
162
Muscles=
Apply force
163
1st class lever
F A R
164
2nd class
FRA
165
3rd class
RFA
166
Ex of 1st class
Seesaw, head extension/flexiin
167
Ex of second class
Wheelbarrow , plantar flex ion
168
second class is a
Mechanical advantage
169
Most common levers
3rd
170
Ex 3rd class levers
Rowing, shoveling, biceps brachii(elbow joint)
Hamstring (flexing at the knee)
171
Longer lever=
More effective velocity
172
Long levers produce more
Linear force
173
Short lever arm
Quickness
174
Used primarily to enhance range of motion
Wheel and axles
175
1st class lever
Wheels and axles
176
When either wheel or axel turn, the
Other must as well
177
Wheel radius is greater than the axel
Wheel has mechanical advantage
178
Ex of wheel and axel
Humerus (move humerus a little, get a lot of speed)
179
Ability to control equilibrium
Balance
180
State of zero acceleration where there is no change in speed of direction
Equilibrium
181
Static equilibrium
Body is completely motionless
182
All applied forces acting on body are in balance resulting in movement with unchanging speed
Dynamic equilibrium
183
Stability needs to be
Maximized
184
Point at which all body’s mass and weight are equally balanced
Center of gravity
185
Person has balance when center of gravity falls within the
Base of support
186
Larger base
More balance
187
greater weight
More balance
188
Visoelasticty is
Time dependent
189
Every tissue is
Viscoelastic
190
Property of fluids that describes resistance of fluid to flow (ex honey and water)
Viscosity
191
Property of solids that describes ability to return to its original shape once unloaded
Elasticity
192
All tissues are made of collagen and
Elastin
193
Viscoelasticity is
Time dependent
194
The length of time and force applied to a material will change the
Deformation of materials
195
Property of fluids that describes the resistance of a fluid to flow ( ex: honey or water)
Viscosity
196
Property of solids that describes the ability to return to its original shape once unloaded
Elasticity
197
All tissues are made of
Collagen and elastin
198
Protein made of crimped fibrils
Collagen
199
Resembles rubber
Elastin
200
Collagen will show higher
Viscoelasticity
201
High strain rate
More brittle and will break in half
202
Low strain rate
More ductile and stretchy
203
This type of contraction- the muscle tension is greater than the load and the muscle shortens and contracts
Concentric
204
This type of contraction= when the muscle resistance is less than the load
Eccentric
205
Upward phase of a bicep curl
Concentric
206
Release the weight down
Eccentric
207
How fast a muscle shortens or lengthens
Velocity
208
Velocity and force concentric
Inverse proportion
209
Squeezing force
Compressive force
210
The weight of the body acts as a
Compressive force on the bones that support it
211
Tensile force is
Tension
212
Shear forces act
Parallel or tangent to a surface
213
The resulting force distribution inside a solid body when an external force reacts
Stress
214
When an eccentric or nonaxial force is applied to a structure, the structure
Bends
215
Compression on one side and tensile stress on opposite side causes
Bending
216
The presence of more than one form of loading is
Combined loading
217
Most common type of loading in the human body is
Combined loading
218
When force acts on an object there are two effects-
Acceleration and deformation
219
The deformation is temporary within the
Elastic region
220
Deformation is permanent in
Plastic region
221
Point on the load deformation curve which deformation is permanent
Yield point
222
Ultimate failure point=
Fracturing of bone
223
angle of application of a force determines the amount of strain that will appear in the material
Anisotrophy
224
bone remodels in response to the forces applied to it
Wolfffs Law
225
rate of loading determines the degree of deformation
Viscoelasticity
226
low load over a long period of time causes plastic change
Creep
227
the energy lost is more than the energy regained
Hysteresis
228
Most movements at joints are
Rotary
229
The main protein in bone is
Collagen
230
When this force is applied to a bone there is tensile stress on the side the stress is applied to and compression on the opposite side;
Shear
231
This bone cell lives in this lacuna that it creates in bone;
Osteocytes
232
Cartilage does NOT have a
Rich vascular supply
233
Thick myofilaments
Myosin
234
Perimysium surrounds a
Fascicles
235
Tendons, ligaments and fascia consist mostly of
Collagen
236
Tissues with large amounts of collagen are characteristically
Resilient
237
Stiff and strong
Resilient
238
Synovial joint has
Articulate cartilage of HYALINE
239
large, SO4-3 containing molecules that attract large amounts of water to
cartilage
Proteoglycans
240
The mechanical analogy that is used to study joint motion is the
Slide and roll
241
The point on a joint surface that at one point in time has no motion is called
Axis of rotation
242
When the forces on either side of a fulcrum is equal and the loads are equal
distances away from the fulcrum this is an example of
First class lever
243
1st class lever ex
Cervical spine (head on neck)
