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Kinesiology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Right and left halves

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2
Q

Coronal/ frontal

A

Anterior and posterior

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3
Q

Transverse

A

Superior and inferior halves

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4
Q

The shaft in long bones

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

The diaphysis is made up of

A

Hard, compact bone

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6
Q

Diaphysis wall

A

Cortex

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7
Q

Outer surface/membrane of the diaphysis

A

Periosteum

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8
Q

Contains fatty marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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9
Q

At each end of the long bone

A

Epiphysis

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10
Q

Spongy bone or

A

Cancellous bone

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11
Q

New bone is formed by specialized cells known as

A

Osteoblasts

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12
Q

Cells that reabsorb old bone are

A

Osteoclasts

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13
Q

Cortisol bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress but less

A

Strain

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14
Q

Bone in a healthy bone will adapt to the loads it is placed under

A

Wolffs Law

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15
Q

Synovial joints are freely

A

Moveable

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16
Q

Protein molecule that is attached to many gylcosaminoglycans

A

Proteoglycan

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17
Q

Tensile strength

A

Collagen

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18
Q

Most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

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19
Q

Collagen in bone

A

Shear strength

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20
Q

Collagen in tendons

A

Tensile strength

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21
Q

How many types of collagen

A

4

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22
Q

Most abundant collagen in the body

A

Type 1

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23
Q

Type 1 cartilage is in

A

Bones, skin, and tendons

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24
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage

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25
Q

Type 3 cartilage

A

Blood vessels

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26
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Sheet like structures

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27
Q

Connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes

A

Cartilage

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28
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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29
Q

Muscle tissue =

A

Primary tissue

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30
Q

Skeletal muscles are =

A

Voluntary

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31
Q

Muscle cells are specialized for

A

Contractions

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32
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Allow us to move, keep posture, layer of protection, and helps maintain temp

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33
Q

Skeletal muscle has 3 layers of

A

Connective tissue

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34
Q

3 layers of connective tissue in a muscle

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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35
Q

The epimysium surrounds

A

Collagen and the whole muscle (the outer bag)

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36
Q

The perimysium surrounds

A

Fascicles

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37
Q

The endomysium surrounds

A

The individual fibers (deepest)

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38
Q

Muscle fiber bundles

A

Fascicles

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39
Q

At the ends of muscles (attach muscle to bone)

A

Tendons

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40
Q

Muscles have extensive

A

Vascular networks

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41
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers look

A

Striated

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42
Q

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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43
Q

What happens when there is a change in membrane potential ?

A

Muscle contraction (shorten)

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44
Q

Tubes that extend from the surface deep into the sarcoplasm

A

Transverse T tubules

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45
Q

Transmit action potentials

A

Sarcolemma

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46
Q

Stripes and multi nuclei

A

Muscle cells

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47
Q

T tubules bring

A

Action potentials into the cell

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48
Q

Tubular network surrounding myofibrils
Chambers (terminal cistenae) to T tubules

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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49
Q

Terminal cisternae and T tubules from a

A

Triad

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50
Q

Responsible for contraction

A

Myofibrils

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51
Q

Made up of protein filaments

A

Myofibrils

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52
Q

Thick and thin filaments are

A

Microfibrils

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53
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

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54
Q

Thin filament

A

Actin

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55
Q

Smallest functional unit of muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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56
Q

Dark bands

A

A bands

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57
Q

Light bands

A

I

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58
Q

M line

A

Center of a band , runs vertically, proteins stabilize thick filaments

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59
Q

H band

A

On either side of m band
Thick filaments only

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60
Q

Where thick and thin filaments overlap

A

Zone of overlap

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61
Q

I band contains only

A

Light filaments

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62
Q

Z lines mark the boundaries between

A

Sarcomeres

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63
Q

Green squiggles

A

Titin

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64
Q

Elastic protein, tip of thick filament to a line, helps sarcomere stretch back to its normal lengths

A

Titin

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65
Q

Contain f actin, tropomysosin, and troponin

A

Thin filaments

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66
Q

Sites to bind myosin

A

G actin molecules (g= globular)

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67
Q

Troponin blocks

A

Active sites for binding

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68
Q

Each have a tail and a head

A

Myosin (hinge allows the head to move)

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69
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

Contraction of muscles, h and I bands narrow , zones of overlap will widen and the z lines move closer together.

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70
Q

Thin filaments must slide towards

A

The middle of the sarcomere

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71
Q

In order for a muscle to be contracted you need an

A

Action potential

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72
Q

Space between neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular joint

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73
Q

Axon terminal of motor neuron releases a

A

Neurotransmitter

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74
Q

the neurotransmitter that transmits a signal

A

Acetylcholine

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75
Q

Acetylcholine binds to the blank channel

A

Na+

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76
Q

Na+ depolarizes the

A

Motor end plate

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77
Q

The terminal end goes to the

A

Muscle fiber

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78
Q

Receives the information

A

Motor end plate

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79
Q

Action potential goes through the

A

T tubules

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80
Q

The action potential causes calcium to be released from

A

Sr

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81
Q

Calcium binds to troponin to change

A

Shape

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82
Q

When the myosin heads have what they are ready

A

ADP and phosphate

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83
Q

Cross bridge formation

A

Calcium exposes active sites, myosin heads will bind to the thin filaments

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84
Q

Myosin pulls actin toward

A

Midline

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85
Q

‘Types of muscle contractions

A

Isotonic, isometric

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86
Q

Skeletal muscle changes in length

A

Isotonic

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87
Q

Isometric

A

There is no change in length

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88
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle tension exceeds the load , muscle shortens

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89
Q

Concentric example

A

Raising a dumbbell

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90
Q

Eccentric

A

Peak tension is less than the load . Muscle will elongate due to contraction of another muscle or gravity.
Ex: lowering a dumbbell

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91
Q

Articulations =

A

Joints

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92
Q

Where 2 bones meeet, body movement occurs here

A

Joints

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93
Q

Some joints will have no

A

Movement

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94
Q

Stronger the joint , the less it will

A

Move

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95
Q

Structural classification of joint

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous , bony, or synovial

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96
Q

Functional classifications

A

Synarthrosis, amphirarthroses, diarhrosis

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97
Q

Immovable joint

A

Synarthrosis

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98
Q

Freely moveable

A

Diarthrosis

99
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable, tough
Edges of bone may touch, interlock
Ex: sutures of bones/skull
Gomorphis (teeth)

100
Q

Synovial joints

A

Freely moveable, ends of long bones, surrounded by a joint capsule,

101
Q

Articulate cartilage prevents

A

Contact between bones

102
Q

One plane of motion

A

Monaxial

103
Q

2 planes of motion

A

Biaxial

104
Q

One plane of motion ex

A

Elbow

105
Q

2 planes of motion ex

A

Wrist

106
Q

3 planes (triaxial) ex

A

Hip

107
Q

Strength compromises

A

Motion

108
Q

What is the joint capsule lined with

A

Synovial membrane

109
Q

Synovial fluid fills

A

Joint space

110
Q

Consistency of synovial fluid

A

Egg yolk

111
Q

Synovial joints are mobile but

A

Weak

112
Q

Thick pad of cartilage

A

Meniscus

113
Q

Adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane (cushions joint)

A

Fat pads

114
Q

Ligament with torn collagen fibers

A

Sprain

115
Q

Attack to muscles

A

Tendons

116
Q

Small pockets of synovial fluid

A

Bursae

117
Q

Most moveable joint in the body

A

Shoulder

118
Q

When 2 flat surfaces slide past each other

A

Gliding membrane

119
Q

Circular movement without rotation

A

Circumduction

120
Q

Rotation in reference to anatomical position

A

Rotational movement

121
Q

Rotating radius across ulna

A

Pronation

122
Q

Palms facing forward

A

Supination

123
Q

Drawing jaw

A

Depression

124
Q

Bones classified by

A

Shape and structure

125
Q

Patella bone type

A

Sesamoid

126
Q

Shaft of long bone

A

Diaphysis

127
Q

Diaphysis is made up of

A

Compact bone

128
Q

The central space in the diaphysis =

A

Medullary cavity (bone marrow )

129
Q

Wide part at each end of the long bone

A

Epiphysius

130
Q

Epiphysius is made of

A

Sponges bone

131
Q

spongey bone =

A

Trabecular bone

132
Q

2 layers of compact bone sandwich a spongey bone

A

Flat bones

133
Q

All connective tissues have a matrix made with collagen to hold

A

Cells

134
Q

Bone has a dense matrix due to deposits of

A

Calcium salts

135
Q

What are bone cells within lacunae organized around blood vessels

A

Osteocytes

136
Q

Narrow passageways that alllow for exchange of nutrients, gasses, and wastes

A

Canaliculi

137
Q

Covers outer surface of the bone

A

Periosteum

138
Q

In the bone matrix, calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of

A

Hydroxyapatite

139
Q

Calcium and collagen make the bone

A

Strong

140
Q

The lack of calcified matrix would cause the bone to be extremely

A

Flexible

141
Q

Stem cells , divide to produce osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor cells)

142
Q

Immature cells that make new bone matrix , become osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

143
Q

Mature bone cells (do not divide ) in the lacunae

A

Osteocytes

144
Q

Absorb and remove bone , many nuclei

A

Osteoclasts

145
Q

Unit of dense , compact bone

A

Osteon

146
Q

Layers of the bone matrix

A

Lamelle

147
Q

Spongey bones lack

A

Osteons

148
Q

Constant state of motion

A

Statics

149
Q

Statics has no

A

Acceleration

150
Q

Dynamics

A

Acceleration, unbalanced, unequal forces on the body

151
Q

The DESCRIPTION of motion in relation to mass, time, and displacement

A

Kinematics

152
Q

The study of the forces associated with motion of the body

A

Kinetics

153
Q

Load/effort

A

Mechanical advantage

154
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Small force moving greater resistance

155
Q

Used to inc mechanical advantage

A

Machines

156
Q

3 types of machines to produce movement

A

Levers, pulleys, wheels/axes

157
Q

Humans move through a system of

A

Levers

158
Q

Rigid bar that turns around an axis at rotation

A

Levers

159
Q

Point of rotation =

A

Axis (fulcrum)

160
Q

Bones =

A

Bars

161
Q

Joints =

A

Axes

162
Q

Muscles=

A

Apply force

163
Q

1st class lever

A

F A R

164
Q

2nd class

A

FRA

165
Q

3rd class

A

RFA

166
Q

Ex of 1st class

A

Seesaw, head extension/flexiin

167
Q

Ex of second class

A

Wheelbarrow , plantar flex ion

168
Q

second class is a

A

Mechanical advantage

169
Q

Most common levers

A

3rd

170
Q

Ex 3rd class levers

A

Rowing, shoveling, biceps brachii(elbow joint)
Hamstring (flexing at the knee)

171
Q

Longer lever=

A

More effective velocity

172
Q

Long levers produce more

A

Linear force

173
Q

Short lever arm

A

Quickness

174
Q

Used primarily to enhance range of motion

A

Wheel and axles

175
Q

1st class lever

A

Wheels and axles

176
Q

When either wheel or axel turn, the

A

Other must as well

177
Q

Wheel radius is greater than the axel

A

Wheel has mechanical advantage

178
Q

Ex of wheel and axel

A

Humerus (move humerus a little, get a lot of speed)

179
Q

Ability to control equilibrium

A

Balance

180
Q

State of zero acceleration where there is no change in speed of direction

A

Equilibrium

181
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Body is completely motionless

182
Q

All applied forces acting on body are in balance resulting in movement with unchanging speed

A

Dynamic equilibrium

183
Q

Stability needs to be

A

Maximized

184
Q

Point at which all body’s mass and weight are equally balanced

A

Center of gravity

185
Q

Person has balance when center of gravity falls within the

A

Base of support

186
Q

Larger base

A

More balance

187
Q

greater weight

A

More balance

188
Q

Visoelasticty is

A

Time dependent

189
Q

Every tissue is

A

Viscoelastic

190
Q

Property of fluids that describes resistance of fluid to flow (ex honey and water)

A

Viscosity

191
Q

Property of solids that describes ability to return to its original shape once unloaded

A

Elasticity

192
Q

All tissues are made of collagen and

A

Elastin

193
Q

Viscoelasticity is

A

Time dependent

194
Q

The length of time and force applied to a material will change the

A

Deformation of materials

195
Q

Property of fluids that describes the resistance of a fluid to flow ( ex: honey or water)

A

Viscosity

196
Q

Property of solids that describes the ability to return to its original shape once unloaded

A

Elasticity

197
Q

All tissues are made of

A

Collagen and elastin

198
Q

Protein made of crimped fibrils

A

Collagen

199
Q

Resembles rubber

A

Elastin

200
Q

Collagen will show higher

A

Viscoelasticity

201
Q

High strain rate

A

More brittle and will break in half

202
Q

Low strain rate

A

More ductile and stretchy

203
Q

This type of contraction- the muscle tension is greater than the load and the muscle shortens and contracts

A

Concentric

204
Q

This type of contraction= when the muscle resistance is less than the load

A

Eccentric

205
Q

Upward phase of a bicep curl

A

Concentric

206
Q

Release the weight down

A

Eccentric

207
Q

How fast a muscle shortens or lengthens

A

Velocity

208
Q

Velocity and force concentric

A

Inverse proportion

209
Q

Squeezing force

A

Compressive force

210
Q

The weight of the body acts as a

A

Compressive force on the bones that support it

211
Q

Tensile force is

A

Tension

212
Q

Shear forces act

A

Parallel or tangent to a surface

213
Q

The resulting force distribution inside a solid body when an external force reacts

A

Stress

214
Q

When an eccentric or nonaxial force is applied to a structure, the structure

A

Bends

215
Q

Compression on one side and tensile stress on opposite side causes

A

Bending

216
Q

The presence of more than one form of loading is

A

Combined loading

217
Q

Most common type of loading in the human body is

A

Combined loading

218
Q

When force acts on an object there are two effects-

A

Acceleration and deformation

219
Q

The deformation is temporary within the

A

Elastic region

220
Q

Deformation is permanent in

A

Plastic region

221
Q

Point on the load deformation curve which deformation is permanent

A

Yield point

222
Q

Ultimate failure point=

A

Fracturing of bone

223
Q

angle of application of a force determines the amount of strain that will appear ​in the material

A

Anisotrophy

224
Q

bone remodels in response to the forces applied to it

A

Wolfffs Law

225
Q

rate of loading determines the degree of deformation

A

Viscoelasticity

226
Q

low load over a long period of time causes plastic change

A

Creep

227
Q

the energy lost is more than the energy regained

A

Hysteresis

228
Q

Most movements at joints are

A

Rotary

229
Q

The main protein in bone is

A

Collagen

230
Q

When this force is applied to a bone there is tensile stress on the side the stress is applied to and compression on the opposite side;

A

Shear

231
Q

This bone cell lives in this lacuna that it creates in bone;

A

Osteocytes

232
Q

Cartilage does NOT have a

A

Rich vascular supply

233
Q

Thick myofilaments

A

Myosin

234
Q

Perimysium surrounds a

A

Fascicles

235
Q

Tendons, ligaments and fascia consist mostly of

A

Collagen

236
Q

Tissues with large amounts of collagen are characteristically

A

Resilient

237
Q

Stiff and strong

A

Resilient

238
Q

Synovial joint has

A

Articulate cartilage of HYALINE

239
Q

large, SO4-3 containing molecules that attract large amounts of water to
cartilage

A

Proteoglycans

240
Q

The mechanical analogy that is used to study joint motion is the

A

Slide and roll

241
Q

The point on a joint surface that at one point in time has no motion is called

A

Axis of rotation

242
Q

When the forces on either side of a fulcrum is equal and the loads are equal
distances away from the fulcrum this is an example of

A

First class lever

243
Q

1st class lever ex

A

Cervical spine (head on neck)

Kinesiology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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