Exam 1 Flashcards
The sequence of amino acids are
2+: dipeptide3+: polypeptide
Nucleotide functions are to:
-energy carriers (ATP)-co enzymes (NAD+)-chemical messengers (cAMP)-building blocks for nucleic acids
Carbs are broken into 3 forms:
-Monosaccharides (simple sugars)-Oligosaccharides (short-chain carbs) -Polysaccharides (complex carbs)
Methyl Group
-CH3
Hydroxyl Group
-OH
Amino Group
-NH(3)+
Carboxyl Group
-COOH
Phosphate Group
-PO(3)-
Sulfhydryl Group
-SH
Plants store their excess carbs in the form of:
Starch
The three most common atoms in your body are
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon
________ is the polysaccharide structural component found in the cell walls of many fungi.
Chitin
Animals store their excess carbs in the form of:
Glycogen
Nucleotides are the building blocks for:
Nucleic acids
Amino acides are the building blocks for:
Proteins
_______ is the polysaccharide structural component found in the cell walls of plants.
Cellulose
The nucleotide most closely associated with energy is:
ATP
The disruption of a proteins three-dimensional shape is called:
Denaturation
Organ system
Two or more organs interacting
A organ…
Unit made of two or more tissues interacting
A tissue….
Organized arrangement of cells
A population….
Group of individuals of the SAME species
An organism…
*individual made of different types of cells *May also be composed of a single cell
A biosphere….
All regions of Earth’s water, crust, and atmosphere
An ecosystem….
Community interacting with its physical environment
A mutation is a change in:
Hereditary instructions (i.e. DNA)
What is the largest organization unit of life?
Biosphere
A community….
Includes all populations of all species in an area
What are the 3 recognized domains?
- Archaea2. Bacteria 3. Eukaryota (Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes can have both mitochondria and chloroplast.
False
Homeostasis provides what kind of environment?
Constant
Which of the following organisms is NOT a prokaryote?
Human
Which is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate entity?
A cell
______ can be defined as the cells capacity to obtain and utilize energy
Metabolism
The flow of energy between producers and consumers is:
Unidirectional
Hydrophobic molecules are ____ water.
Repelled by
The positive subatomic particle is the:
Proton
Electrons are shared in bonds called
Covalent
The negative subatomic particle is the:
Electrons
Which is the smallest portion of a substance that retains the properties of an element?
Atom
The bonds in table salt (NaCl) is:
Ionic
Eukaryotic organisms
Plants Animals ProtistsFungi
Nucleus….
Controls access to DNA; permits easier packing if DNA during cell division.
Endoplasmic Reticulum….
Modifies protein; involved in lipid synthesis.
Golgi Body….
Modify, sort, and ship proteins; lipid secretion and use.
Vesicles….
Transport, store, and digest materials.
Mitochondria…
Powerhouse of cell; ATP formation.
Ribosomes….
Can be free or attached to membranes; formation on polypeptide chains.
Cytoskeleton…
Determines cell shape and internal organization; motility.
Animal Cell Features:
Plasma membrane NucleusRibosomesERGolgi bodyVesiclesMitochondria Cytoskeleton
Plant Cell Features
Plasma membraneNucleusRibosomesERGolgi bodyVesiclesMitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell wallCentral vacuoleChloroplast
Components of nucleus
Nuclear envelopeNucleoplasm NucleolusChromatin
Components of Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic reticulumGolgi bodiesVesicles
Rough ER
Stacked, flattened sacs w/ many ribosomes attached; oligosaccharides groups attached
Smooth ER
No ribosomes; area from which vesicles carrying proteins and lipids are budded; inactivation site for harmful chemicals
Peroxisomes
Contains enzymes that use oxygen to degrade fatty acids and amino acids. By product is hydrogen peroxide, enzyme action break it down to water and oxygen.
Lysosomes
Carry powerful enzymes that digest the contents of other vesicles (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Digest well worn cell parts, bacteria, foreign particles.
Tight junctions
Occur between cells of epithelial tissues. Deal spaces between cells.
Adhering junctions
Join cell that need to be held together during stretching (skin an heart). Spot welds.
Gap junctions
Small, open channels that directly link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Archaea and EubacteriaDNA is not enclosed in nucleusGenerally the smallest, simplest cellsNo organelles
Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function
ER: modify proteins
Which of the following are sometimes rendered to as rough or smooth depending on the structure?
ER
The main components of the plasma membrane is/are:
Phospholipids
Which of the following are the primary cellular sites for the recapture of energy from carbs?
Mitochondria
If a cell did not have ribosomes it would be unable to:
Form proteins
Fluid-filled sacs that may store food, ions, or water in plant cells are called:
Central vacuoles
Which of the following are the primary cellular sites for the capture of light (photon) energy?
Chloroplast
Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?
Golgi bodies: modify lipids & protein
Prokaryotic cells possess cell membranes.
True
