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psy 201 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biological, cognitive, and social emotional development

A

Biological: produce changes in an individual’s physical nature

Cognitive: involve changes in an individual’s thought & language

Social Processes: involve changes in emotions & relationships with others

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2
Q

5 Periods of Development

A

Prenatal: conception to birth (9 months)

Infancy: birth to 18-24 months

Early Childhood: end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age

Middle Childhood: between about 6 and 11 years of age; elementary school years

Adolescence: 10-12 to about 18-19

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3
Q

cohorts and cohort effects

A

Cohorts: groups of people w/ shared characteristics & experiences (ex: your graduation class)

Cohort Effects: similarities in experiences and social influences across a particular age group (ex: effects of being part of a certain generation)

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4
Q

continuity vs discontinuity

A

Continuity: development is gradual and cumulative

Discontinuity: development occurs in distinct stages

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5
Q

The Early-Later Experience Issue

A

to which degree do early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experiences determine children’s development
- and whether or not affects of the experiences can be reversed

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6
Q

Social Policy

A

government course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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7
Q

genes

A

units of hereditary info (short segments of DNA)

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

in the nucleus of each human cell; thread like structures made up of DNA

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9
Q

DNA

A

complex molecule that has a double helix shape & contains genetic information

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10
Q

genotypes vs phenotypes

A

Genotypes: genetic material

Phenotypes: physical and psychological characteristics (observable)
- for each genotype a range of phenotypes can be expressed

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11
Q

Ultrasound Sonography

A

high frequency sound waves directed into woman’s abdomen
- echo transforms into visual of fetus
- helps detect structural abnormalities, # of fetuses, and baby’s sex

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12
Q

Fetal MRI

A

generates detailed images of organs and structures
- diagnosis fetal malformations
- may detect certain abnormalities better than ultrasound

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13
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

small placenta sample detects genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities
- can detect sex between 11 - 13 weeks of gestation

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14
Q

Amniocentesis

A

amniotic fluid is tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
- this and CVS provides valuable info on whether or not to abort

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15
Q

Maternal Blood Screening

A

identifies pregnancies with an elevated risk for birth defects (ex: Down Syndrome, Spina Bifida)

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16
Q

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)

A

imaging isolation and examination of fetal cells in mother’s blood & analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma

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17
Q

Genetic Imprinting

A

when genes have differing effects depending on whether they have inherited from the mother or the father
- DNA Methylation silences one member of a gene pair

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18
Q

3 periods of prenatal development

A

Germinal Period: first 2 weeks after conception

Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks after conception

Fetal Period: 9 weeks - birth

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19
Q

3 layers of embryo

A

Endoderm: digestive and respiratory system (inner)

Mesoderm: circulatory, bones, and muscles (middle)

Ectoderm: brain & spinal cord; nervous system (outside)

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20
Q

Organogenesis

A

organ formation during embryonic period
- embryonic period

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21
Q

Neural Tube

A

forms early brain & spine

tube closes by week 4, onced closed Neurogenesis (growth of neurons) takes place

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22
Q

Teratogens

A

DIRECT agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive & behavioral outcomes (ex: smoking, alcohol, drugs, radiation, mercury)
- first 2 months after conception are in greatest dange

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23
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

small heads, small eyes, intellectual; disabilities (low IQ), short stature

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24
Q

Maternal Factors

A
  • malnutrition and obesity affects fetus
  • older than 35 have higher risk of baby having Down Syndrome
25
Q

Paternal Factors

A
  • lifestyle (drugs, alc, smoking), genetics
  • older than 40 strongly linked with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia
26
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

eggs and sperm are combined in a lab, 1 or more fertilized eggs transferred in uterus

27
Q

3 stages of birth

A

Stage 1: uterine contractions cause cervix to stretch and dilate to about 4 inches
- about 6 - 12 hours for first birth

Stage 2: baby’s head moves through the cervix and birth canal & baby emerges completely
- about 45 minutes - 1 hour

Stage 3: placenta, umbilical cord, other membranes are detached and expelled (afterbirth)

28
Q

drugs used during birth

A

Analgesia: relieves pain, movement is NOT restricted (epidural)

Anesthesia: restricts muscle movement

Oxytocin/ Pitcin: promotes contractions

29
Q

preterm births

A

born three weeks or more before pregnancy has reached full term (anything under 38 week)

30
Q

Low Birth Weight Infants

A

low: less than 5 ⅟ 2 pounds

very low: 3 ⅟ 2 pounds (associated w/ autism)

extremely: under 2 pounds (associated w/ autism)

31
Q

Postpartum Period

A
  • 6 weeks long
  • great deal of energy or feel - exhausted / let down
  • hormone production changes
  • sleep is rare
32
Q

Postpartum Depression

A

strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that cause difficulty coping with daily tasks
- 2 weeks of sadness AFTER 6 weeks postpartum

33
Q

Baby Blues

A

little depression (4-6 weeks after birth

34
Q

Cephalocaudal vs Proximodistal

A

Cephalocaudal: top to bottom (head to feet)
- head is largest part in infancy

Proximodistal: center to extremities
- spinal cord → arms & legs → fingers & toes
- same for motor skills: arm and eg use before fingers and toes

35
Q

Patterns of Growth in Infancy

A

birth: average weight/height: is 7.5 lbs/ 20 inches

4 months: 14 lbs/ 25 inches

1 year: 30 lbs/ 30 inches

36
Q

Failure to Thrive

A
  • birth - age 2
  • deprived from love and nurturing
  • growth stops bc of psychological experiences

Deprivation Dwarfism is the same thing just for 2 - 15y/o

37
Q

preschool development

A
  • girls are lighter and smaller than boys
  • body fat declines slowly but steadily
  • girls have more fatty tissue ; boys have more muscle
38
Q

6 to 11 year development

A
  • growth is slow and consistent
  • muscle mass & strength gradually increase
  • head & waist circumference & leg length decrease in relation to body weight
39
Q

Adolescence Development

A

puberty lasts 5 years

Precocious Puberty: very early onset & rapid progression

Menarche: first menstruation

hormonal changes involve androgens and estrogens (diff. concentrations in males and females)

40
Q

Testosterone vs Estradiol

A

Testosterone: androgen associated in boys w/ development of the genitals, increased height, voice changes

Estradiol: estrogen associated in girls with breast, uterine, skeletal development

41
Q

Cultural Differences in development

A
  • ethnic minorities tend to hit puberty earlier
  • earlier puberty = more body dissatisfaction (higher in girls)
  • societal standards (girls shouldn’t be smelly, hairy, etc) causes high dissatisfaction in girls
  • correlation between high dissatisfaction and high risk behaviors (in girls)
42
Q

4 lobes of brain and function

A

Frontal Lobe: critical thinking, decision making, cognition

Parietal Lobe: coordination, balance, processing sensory info.

Temporal Lobe: hearing, language, memory

Occipital Lobe: vision

43
Q

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippocampus

A

Hypothalamus: maintaining homeostasis

Pituitary Gland: ‘mother of glands’ ; growth and oxytocin release

Amygdala: strong emotions, memories, fight or flight

Hippocampus: memory and emotion

44
Q

parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites: get info from other neurons, muscles, or glands

Axons: move info away from cell body; as axon ends, it branches into terminal buttons

Myelin: sheath speeds info transmission

45
Q

Sleep in Infancy

A
  • newborns sleep 16 -17 hours daily
  • half of infants sleep time is in REM
  • links between difficulty sleeping @ young age and substance usage / academic achievement
46
Q

Sleep in Childhood

A
  • young children need 11 to 14 hours of sleep each night
  • 40% of kids may experience a sleep problem
47
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually @ night, die without cause
- 2-4 month olds, ethnic minorities, boys, and co sleepers are at higher risk
- infants should sleep on their backs

48
Q

3 environmental factors that can influence gene expression

A

pollution, radiation, stress

49
Q

genetic counseling

A

Using medical and genetic histories and tests to help couples estimate their chances of having a healthy baby
- help discuss the best course of action in view of risks and family goal

50
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor

A

Marasmus: shrunken elderly appearance (lack of protein)

Kwashiorkor: belly inflated w/ water (lack of protein)

51
Q

breast-feeding vs bottle feeding

A

breastfeeding provides better nutrition
- reduces risk of SIDS, obesity, hypertension
- increases babies immunity
lowers risk of ovarian cancer in moms
- early weaning can cause protein deficiency and malnutrition

bottle feeding helps women that cannot breast feed

52
Q

explain mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis: nucleus duplicates; the two new cells each contain the same 23 pairs of chromosomes

Meiosis: cell of the testes or ovaries duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, forming four cells; each is an egg or sperm with 23 unpaired chromosomes—half the genetic material.

53
Q

resilience and factors

A

Resilience: children who develop confidence in their abilities despite obstacles

Factors of resilience: good self-control, high intellectual functioning, close relationship to caregiver, bonds to caring adults outside the family

54
Q

Psychological Condition Consequences

A

emotional or cognitive problems, ADHD, language delay, preterm, lower birth weight

55
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A

swelling and hemorrhaging, hundreds of cases in the US per year

56
Q

Dendritic spreading

A

increase in connectedness between neurons over the course of the first two years of life

57
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

the judgment reins in intense emotions but doesn’t finish developing until adulthood

58
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

nerve fibers connect the brain’s 2 hemispheres and thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively

psy 201 (3 decks)

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