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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biological, cognitive, and social emotional development

A

Biological: produce changes in an individual’s physical nature

Cognitive: involve changes in an individual’s thought & language

Social Processes: involve changes in emotions & relationships with others

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2
Q

5 Periods of Development

A

Prenatal: conception to birth (9 months)

Infancy: birth to 18-24 months

Early Childhood: end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age

Middle Childhood: between about 6 and 11 years of age; elementary school years

Adolescence: 10-12 to about 18-19

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3
Q

cohorts and cohort effects

A

Cohorts: groups of people w/ shared characteristics & experiences (ex: your graduation class)

Cohort Effects: similarities in experiences and social influences across a particular age group (ex: effects of being part of a certain generation)

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4
Q

continuity vs discontinuity

A

Continuity: development is gradual and cumulative

Discontinuity: development occurs in distinct stages

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5
Q

The Early-Later Experience Issue

A

to which degree do early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experiences determine children’s development
- and whether or not affects of the experiences can be reversed

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6
Q

Social Policy

A

government course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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7
Q

genes

A

units of hereditary info (short segments of DNA)

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

in the nucleus of each human cell; thread like structures made up of DNA

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9
Q

DNA

A

complex molecule that has a double helix shape & contains genetic information

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10
Q

genotypes vs phenotypes

A

Genotypes: genetic material

Phenotypes: physical and psychological characteristics (observable)
- for each genotype a range of phenotypes can be expressed

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11
Q

Ultrasound Sonography

A

high frequency sound waves directed into woman’s abdomen
- echo transforms into visual of fetus
- helps detect structural abnormalities, # of fetuses, and baby’s sex

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12
Q

Fetal MRI

A

generates detailed images of organs and structures
- diagnosis fetal malformations
- may detect certain abnormalities better than ultrasound

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13
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

small placenta sample detects genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities
- can detect sex between 11 - 13 weeks of gestation

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14
Q

Amniocentesis

A

amniotic fluid is tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
- this and CVS provides valuable info on whether or not to abort

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15
Q

Maternal Blood Screening

A

identifies pregnancies with an elevated risk for birth defects (ex: Down Syndrome, Spina Bifida)

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16
Q

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)

A

imaging isolation and examination of fetal cells in mother’s blood & analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma

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17
Q

Genetic Imprinting

A

when genes have differing effects depending on whether they have inherited from the mother or the father
- DNA Methylation silences one member of a gene pair

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18
Q

3 periods of prenatal development

A

Germinal Period: first 2 weeks after conception

Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks after conception

Fetal Period: 9 weeks - birth

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19
Q

3 layers of embryo

A

Endoderm: digestive and respiratory system (inner)

Mesoderm: circulatory, bones, and muscles (middle)

Ectoderm: brain & spinal cord; nervous system (outside)

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20
Q

Organogenesis

A

organ formation during embryonic period
- embryonic period

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21
Q

Neural Tube

A

forms early brain & spine

tube closes by week 4, onced closed Neurogenesis (growth of neurons) takes place

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22
Q

Teratogens

A

DIRECT agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive & behavioral outcomes (ex: smoking, alcohol, drugs, radiation, mercury)
- first 2 months after conception are in greatest dange

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23
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

small heads, small eyes, intellectual; disabilities (low IQ), short stature

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24
Q

Maternal Factors

A
  • malnutrition and obesity affects fetus
  • older than 35 have higher risk of baby having Down Syndrome
25
Paternal Factors
- lifestyle (drugs, alc, smoking), genetics - older than 40 strongly linked with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia
26
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
eggs and sperm are combined in a lab, 1 or more fertilized eggs transferred in uterus
27
3 stages of birth
Stage 1: uterine contractions cause cervix to stretch and dilate to about 4 inches - about 6 - 12 hours for first birth Stage 2: baby’s head moves through the cervix and birth canal & baby emerges completely - about 45 minutes - 1 hour Stage 3: placenta, umbilical cord, other membranes are detached and expelled (afterbirth)
28
drugs used during birth
Analgesia: relieves pain, movement is NOT restricted (epidural) Anesthesia: restricts muscle movement Oxytocin/ Pitcin: promotes contractions
29
preterm births
born three weeks or more before pregnancy has reached full term (anything under 38 week)
30
Low Birth Weight Infants
low: less than 5 ⅟ 2 pounds very low: 3 ⅟ 2 pounds (associated w/ autism) extremely: under 2 pounds (associated w/ autism)
31
Postpartum Period
- 6 weeks long - great deal of energy or feel - exhausted / let down - hormone production changes - sleep is rare
32
Postpartum Depression
strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that cause difficulty coping with daily tasks - 2 weeks of sadness AFTER 6 weeks postpartum
33
Baby Blues
little depression (4-6 weeks after birth
34
Cephalocaudal vs Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal: top to bottom (head to feet) - head is largest part in infancy Proximodistal: center to extremities - spinal cord → arms & legs → fingers & toes - same for motor skills: arm and eg use before fingers and toes
35
Patterns of Growth in Infancy
birth: average weight/height: is 7.5 lbs/ 20 inches 4 months: 14 lbs/ 25 inches 1 year: 30 lbs/ 30 inches
36
Failure to Thrive
- birth - age 2 - deprived from love and nurturing - growth stops bc of psychological experiences Deprivation Dwarfism is the same thing just for 2 - 15y/o
37
preschool development
- girls are lighter and smaller than boys - body fat declines slowly but steadily - girls have more fatty tissue ; boys have more muscle
38
6 to 11 year development
- growth is slow and consistent - muscle mass & strength gradually increase - head & waist circumference & leg length decrease in relation to body weight
39
Adolescence Development
puberty lasts 5 years Precocious Puberty: very early onset & rapid progression Menarche: first menstruation hormonal changes involve androgens and estrogens (diff. concentrations in males and females)
40
Testosterone vs Estradiol
Testosterone: androgen associated in boys w/ development of the genitals, increased height, voice changes Estradiol: estrogen associated in girls with breast, uterine, skeletal development
41
Cultural Differences in development
- ethnic minorities tend to hit puberty earlier - earlier puberty = more body dissatisfaction (higher in girls) - societal standards (girls shouldn’t be smelly, hairy, etc) causes high dissatisfaction in girls - correlation between high dissatisfaction and high risk behaviors (in girls)
42
4 lobes of brain and function
Frontal Lobe: critical thinking, decision making, cognition Parietal Lobe: coordination, balance, processing sensory info. Temporal Lobe: hearing, language, memory Occipital Lobe: vision
43
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippocampus
Hypothalamus: maintaining homeostasis Pituitary Gland: ‘mother of glands’ ; growth and oxytocin release Amygdala: strong emotions, memories, fight or flight Hippocampus: memory and emotion
44
parts of a neuron
Dendrites: get info from other neurons, muscles, or glands Axons: move info away from cell body; as axon ends, it branches into terminal buttons Myelin: sheath speeds info transmission
45
Sleep in Infancy
- newborns sleep 16 -17 hours daily - half of infants sleep time is in REM - links between difficulty sleeping @ young age and substance usage / academic achievement
46
Sleep in Childhood
- young children need 11 to 14 hours of sleep each night - 40% of kids may experience a sleep problem
47
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually @ night, die without cause - 2-4 month olds, ethnic minorities, boys, and co sleepers are at higher risk - infants should sleep on their backs
48
3 environmental factors that can influence gene expression
pollution, radiation, stress
49
genetic counseling
Using medical and genetic histories and tests to help couples estimate their chances of having a healthy baby - help discuss the best course of action in view of risks and family goal
50
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor
Marasmus: shrunken elderly appearance (lack of protein) Kwashiorkor: belly inflated w/ water (lack of protein)
51
breast-feeding vs bottle feeding
breastfeeding provides better nutrition - reduces risk of SIDS, obesity, hypertension - increases babies immunity lowers risk of ovarian cancer in moms - early weaning can cause protein deficiency and malnutrition bottle feeding helps women that cannot breast feed
52
explain mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: nucleus duplicates; the two new cells each contain the same 23 pairs of chromosomes Meiosis: cell of the testes or ovaries duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, forming four cells; each is an egg or sperm with 23 unpaired chromosomes—half the genetic material.
53
resilience and factors
Resilience: children who develop confidence in their abilities despite obstacles Factors of resilience: good self-control, high intellectual functioning, close relationship to caregiver, bonds to caring adults outside the family
54
Psychological Condition Consequences
emotional or cognitive problems, ADHD, language delay, preterm, lower birth weight
55
Shaken baby syndrome
swelling and hemorrhaging, hundreds of cases in the US per year
56
Dendritic spreading
increase in connectedness between neurons over the course of the first two years of life
57
Prefrontal cortex
the judgment reins in intense emotions but doesn't finish developing until adulthood
58
Corpus Callosum
nerve fibers connect the brain's 2 hemispheres and thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively

psy 201 (3 decks)

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