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Comparative Politics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key features of a modern state

A
  • government (bureaucracy) –> the apparatus of officias and personnel that pass and implemennt laws within the territory
  • people (permanent population)
  • territory –> an area within defined and internationally recognized borders
  • sovereignty (legitimate authority) –> sole authority within the border
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2
Q

What is external sovereignty

A
  • internationally recognized to have control
  • ability to defend territory
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3
Q

What is internal sovereignty

A
  • able to enforce laws
  • ability to maintaine control and order
  • viewed as legitimate
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4
Q

What does it mean for a government/figure to be viewed as legitimate

A
  • if all the people view the government as legitimate it is very powerful and vice versa
  • could result in a civil war/protesting to diminish government power –> precurses to coups
  • legitimacy enhances sovereignty
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5
Q

What is a strong state

A
  • strong states are capable of providing adequate political goods
  • provide services: make laws, implement policy, public goods/services
  • control violence: enforce laws, powerful/legitimate police, judicial system
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6
Q

What is a failed state

A
  • failed states lack key functions to be considered a state/not legit
  • lack functioning government to make and enforce policy
  • cant provide common public goods/services
  • sanitation, education, healthcare, electricity etc
  • cant control violence
  • lack adequate police system (lack functioning judicial system)
  • not considered a state
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7
Q

What is a weak state

A
  • a weak state can only partially provide adequate goods
  • difficulty controlling violence
  • difficulty providing services
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8
Q

What is a regime

A

set of formal and informal political institutions thay defines a type of government

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9
Q

What is a democracy

A
  • one leader
  • fair and free elections
  • representations
  • sovereignty
  • universal suffrage
  • choice of political party
  • peaceful transition of power
  • free media
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10
Q

What are the rights of a democracy

A
  • political rights: free occociation, voting, running for office
  • civil rights: individual freedoms and liberties
  • social rights: wellbeing and socioeconomic equality
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11
Q

Presidential democracies

A
  • executive dual role (head of state/government)
  • high voter control over who will be the head of government
  • executive and legislature elected separately –> set elections
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12
Q

Parliamentary democracies

A
  • chief representative of the state
  • performs ceremonial duties/lacks governing power
  • legislative not separate from executive
  • led by Prime Minister –> leader od the largest party
  • no set elections
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13
Q

How does one become a prime minister

A

one is selected to be the leader of the party, have a seat in parliament, and have most seats in parliament

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14
Q

How do elections work in parliaments

A
  • not set date for future elections
  • typically a maximum number of hears a tern can last
  • elections can happen for 2 reasons
    1. PM dissolved parliament
    2. vote of no confidence in PM
  • need majority to pass –> if passes brings an election
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15
Q

Semi-Presidential democracies

A
  • “dual executive” system, president and PM
  • rare but coming out of post conflict states
  • president has set elections, directly elected by votem head of state (foreign affairs), and oftentimes has more power than PM
  • prime minister is appointed by the president, approved by the legislature, is head of government (domestic affairs)
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16
Q

Authoritarian Regimes

A
  • no political rights,limited civil rights, maybe social rights
  • citizens lack a voice or civil rights
  • violence used by the state to keep the people in line
  • media restricted or government controlled
  • power in the hands of the few –> who has power depends on the type of regime
17
Q

Military Regimes

A
  • government run by committee of military officers
  • military leaders come to power in a Coup d’etat –> who has power who does not, pay attention to the title
  • steps in to try and fix a probelem –> protects, bad economy, lack of security, illegitmate leaders
18
Q

Theocracy Regimes

A
  • rule by religious authorities
  • rule on behald of god (representative of god –> i.e Iran and Holy Sea of Vatican City
19
Q

Electoral Authoritarian Regimes

(looks like a democracy)

A
  • have aspects of both non-democracies and democatic regimes
  • not free or fair, could exclude oppositions, voters intimidation, fear, ballot shutting –> freedom of press restricted, limits on civil liberties
  • i.e Ethiopoa –> ethiopia People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front in power since 1991
  • uses intimidation, coercion, and other tactics to win elections
  • oppoistion leaders often forced into exile
  • journalists routinely imprisoned
20
Q

Totalitarian Regimes

(fascism, nazism, and communism/marxism)

A
  • the total state control of virtually all aspects of society
  • rule by a single party or person
  • take control over the military
  • take control over economic means
  • take control over communication
  • special police forces to strike fear in populations
  • trying to completely transform/change society
21
Q

Communism/Marxism Regimes

A
  • perfect social and economic equality of all people based on Marx’s teaching
  • total control over society, government and economy
  • centralized control by Communist Party
  • state controls all aspects of economic and civil life
  • state ownership of all property
  • i.e Cuba, Vietnam, China, Laos, Soviet Union –> seeks equality
22
Q

Facist Regimes

(seeks nationalism)

A
  • total control over society, government and economy
  • mass mobilization of citizens to reach the facist goals
  • prioritize military and its ideals
  • believe using violence is right and just
  • militarized masculinity
  • nationalism –> beliefe that they are superior to all other groups
  • preparation to create empire
  • no rights for individuals –> no civil liberties, people serve government
  • hallmark of facism: charismatic leader proposes he can solve national problens, calling political opponents traitors and enemies
23
Q

Nazi Regimes

A
  • combines facism with racism –> aryan race
  • hitler democratically elected into power –> got rid of institutions and put in marshal law
24
Q

What are the key difference between facism and communism

A
  • Facism has a natural hierarchy of people and is militarized
  • Commuism works towards perfect equality and promotes the “peasant”
25
Q

Personalistic Dictatorships

A
  • state power and decision-making centralized in one person or family line
  • creates loyalty to the individual –> fear, nepotism/bribery, coup-proofing strategies (keeping military happy)
  • i.e Russia, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Chile
26
Q

What are some tools authoritarian regimes use to reduce the risk of uprising

A
  • repression and fear
  • spy networks and secret police
  • controlling information
  • creating an enemy
  • clientilism
  • foster legitimacy
27
Q

What is Contentious Politics

A
  • working outside formal political institutions to create political change, typically using disruptive tactics
  • i.e civil rights movement, anti-apartheid movement, the “troubles” of northern ireland, black lives maatter, tunsian revolution
  • people do it because they have to -> people either dont have access to formal politics or arent being listened to
28
Q

What are the foundations of contentious politics

A
  • grievance –> relative deprivation: unequal distribution of a good –> belief that they (and their groups) are not receiving their share of a benefit –> happy people dont revolt
  • political opportunity –> their rgime can be influenced by mass mobilization and societal pressure –> democratic and semi democratic regimes –> collective action
29
Q

What is a civil war

A

violence between government military forces and non-government armed forces (rebels) resulting in large scale destruction and war related death

30
Q

What are some characteristics that promote civil war

A
  • economic inequality between groups
  • relative deprivation
  • some groups excluded from political power (grievance)
  • large ethnic grups with clear distinctions between groups
  • fear that the other group will use power against your group
  • ethnic security dilemma
  • use violence to make sure your group stays in political power
31
Q

What are protests

A
  • a public expression of objection or disapproval of government policies or inaction on an issue facing the citizens of the country
32
Q

Does contentious politics work

A
  • nonviolent movements are more likely to have success –> brings attention to the cause and pressures leaders to act
  • nonviolent movements are more likely to work in a democracy/semi-democracy because there is greater political opportunity
33
Q

What is a regime change

A
  • altering a structure that is in place
  • revolution: rapid transformation of the political system and social strcuture, resulting in overthrow of prior regime
  • factors: grievance, lack of responsive government, collective actions
34
Q

What hapens after a coup d’etat

A
  • democratization –> transition to democracy from authoritarian –> very slow
  • first wave: industrialization/economic development
  • Pacted transition
  • international pressure
35
Q

What is pacted transition

A

an agreement between authoritarian leaders and elite members of civil society to implement democratic institutions and become democratic

Comparative Politics (1 decks)

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