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breeding > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

A

trait

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2
Q

trait questions

A

what color are they?
what kind of growth do they have
how tall are they

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3
Q

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual

A

phenotype

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4
Q

phenotype examples

A

red coat color
576 pounds meaning weight
15.1 hands tall

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5
Q

” a bad temperament”
which is the trait and which is the phenotype

A

temperament or disposition is the trait ( what is being measured
bad in the phenotype (the measurement)

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6
Q

presence of horns, yearling weight, placing, shell color, quarter mile times, calving ease, litter size

A

traits

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7
Q

horned, polled, scurred, dehorned, 850lbs, first, white, brown, 19.3 seconds, assisted

A

phenotypes

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8
Q

the genetic makeup of an animal

A

genotypes

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9
Q

a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of interest (heavy type draft horses, prolific wool type sheep , all-purpose type cattle)

A

biological type

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10
Q

a group of interdependent parts ( single farm - animals, facilities, fixed resources, management)

A

system

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11
Q

a dependent relationship among components of a system in which the effects of any one component depend on other components present in the system

A

interaction

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12
Q

a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between two (or more) genotypes changes from environment to environment

A

G x E interactions

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13
Q

A general goal for a breeding program- a notion of what constitutes the best animal ( parasite resistance in tropical areas and brisket disease resistance in high elevations)

A

breeding objectives

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14
Q

Facets of the US beef industry

A

seed stock (genetics) , cow-calf (weaned market calves, replacement females, cull bulls, cull cows) , backgorunding-stocking (feeder calves and light weight weaned calves) , feed yard (finished steers and heifers), processing (retail beef and hides)

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15
Q

if Perkins could get rid of one facet

A

backgrounding- stocking

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16
Q

what must you know before selecting your genotypes

A

resources, expenses, income, and environment

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17
Q

should producers strive to produce the highest level of one given trait

A

no, NEVER single trait select

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18
Q

what does intermediate optimum do

A

maximized profitability and/ or function ( pastern angle in cattle, horses, and pigs)

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19
Q

genetic material in the form of live animals, embryos, semen, blood, or tissue

A

germ plasm

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20
Q

% of cattle quality

A

69% commercial
30% premier
1% elite

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21
Q

genotype of jersey

A

small size, moderate feed intake, moderate yield, high butterfat

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22
Q

genotype of Holstein

A

larger size, high intake, high yield, low buttrfat

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23
Q

a group of intermating individuals. can be a breed, species, a herd, or a group of animals in a herd

A

population

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24
Q

animal breeding is all about improving an individual animal

A

false; an entire population

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25
Q

the process that determines which individuals become parents, how many offspring they produce, and how long they remain in the breeding population

A

selection

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26
Q

the process that determines which selected males are bred to which selected females

A

mating

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27
Q

traits for beef cattle

A

pregnancy…..pelvic area
calving ease …..feed conversion
birth weight…..scrotal circumference
weaning weight ….. breeding soundness
yearling weight …..fat thickness
mature weight…..ribeye area
hip height ….. marbling ( intramuscular fat)

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28
Q

traits for dairy cattle

A

days dry
calving interval
services per conception
milk yield
% fat in milk
% protein in milk

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29
Q

traits for horses

A

wither height …..time to trot 1/4 mile
mature weight …..time to run 1 mile
time to trot 1-mile…..weight started (draft)
placing ….. cutting score
winnings ….. fleshing ability

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30
Q

traits for pigs

A

pregnancy….. 21-day litter weight
litter size (born alive) ….. days to 230 lbs
litter size (weaned)…..feed conversion
weaning weight…..loin eye are
marbling …..fat thickness

31
Q

traits for chickens

A

number of eggs in one year …..egg weight
hatchability …..feed conversion ratio
hot carcass weight …..mature body weight
shank length ….. breast weight
breast muscle area …..woody breast disease

32
Q

traits for sheep

A

pregnancy ….. number born
60-day weight …..feed conversion
birth weight …..scrotal circumference
yearling weight ….. breeding soundness
staple length ….. loineye area
clean fleece weight …..grease fleece weight `

33
Q

the measure of the relationship between the breeding value of a trait and the phenotype or expression of the trait

A

heritability

34
Q

the value of an individual as a parent

A

breeding value

35
Q

performance testing levels

A

on-farm
regional
state
association

36
Q

a trait affected by many genes

A

polygenic

37
Q

a trait affected by a few genes

A

simply inherited trait

38
Q

what is the major gene

A

H-Y histocompatibility gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome

39
Q

British/English cattle

A

Angus, short horn, Hereford, galloways

40
Q

European cattle

A

Charolais, limousine, Simmental

41
Q

Bos taurus vs bos indicus

A

Bos Taurus: non humped, cool environment
Bos indicus: hot, humid environment (zebu)

42
Q

a set of rules for mating animals

A

mating system

43
Q

mating system examples

A

large to small
largest to largest
Sorrell to cremello
Charolais to Angus
half brother to half-sister ( genetic defect will be exposed and lower BWT)

44
Q

mating animals that are different yet complementary of each other for improved genetics, marketing value, etc.

A

complementarity

45
Q

mating of animals less closely related to each other than the average relationship in the population

A

crossbreeding

46
Q

what happens to hybrid vigor and heterosity with crossbreeding

A

increases

47
Q

increased performance of the crossbred offspring over the performance of either purebred parent

A

hybrid vigor-heterosis

48
Q

what can cause hybrid vigor to be negative

A

inbreeding depression

49
Q

mating of animals more closely related to each other than the avg. relationship in the population

A

inbreeding

50
Q

the opposite of heterosis; decrease in fitness with increased genome-wide homozygosity that occurs in the offspring of related parents.

A

inbreeding depression

51
Q

history of livestock measurement

A
  1. average daily gain
  2. within herd ratios
  3. most probable producing ability
  4. estimated breeding value
  5. expected progeny difference
  6. genomic enhanced EPD
52
Q

what accuracy do young animals have originally and how much does it increase with genomic enhanced epd’s

A

.05 originally increases by .3

53
Q

what does progeny equivalence do to accuracy

A

increases it

54
Q

combination of parental expected progeny difference and individual performance for a given trait.

A

expected progeny differences

55
Q

what do EPD’s include

A

differences in expected performance of future progeny as well as individual performance for a given trait.

56
Q

what traits are EPD’s calculated for

A

growth, reproduction and body composition

57
Q

normal curve for epd values

A

68%: -1 +1
95%: -2 +2
99%: -3 +3

58
Q

heritability for reproduction traits ( low)

A

< .20

59
Q

heritability for growth traits ( moderate)

A

.20-.39

60
Q

heritability for carcass traits ( high)

A

> .40

61
Q

a group of cattle of the same breed and sex, born in the same season at the same location, managed alike from birth to the time of measurement

A

contemporary groups

62
Q

effects of proper contemporary groups on environmental effects

A

minimizes them

63
Q

how are differences expressed within contemporary groups

A

as ratios

64
Q

why do EPDs change

A
  1. improper sampling
  2. genetic by environment interaction
  3. changes in the sire and dam EPDs
  4. additional progeny data
    * 3 and 4 change daily
65
Q

beef production economics

A

reproductive efficiency
maternal ability
early growth
longevity
end product merit

66
Q

how do you account for antagonistic genetic correlations

A

minimize them because you cannot totally avoid them

67
Q

what must you do when using carcass merit EPDs

A

define the target

68
Q

what is not a good idea if you are retaining replacement heifers

A

remove the ability to deposit fat needed for reproduction

69
Q

selection considerations

A
  • use EPDs as a selection tool
  • determine your genetic strengths and weaknesses
    -balance reproduction, calving ease, growth rate, cow size, and carcass merit
    -know your market opportunities
    -keep the consumer in mind when making decisions
70
Q

BLUP

A

best linear un-biased pedictors

71
Q

what is the normal distribution curve for

A

binomial distributions; comparing 2 bulls progenys

72
Q

how often to EDPs change

A

angus: once a week
other breeds: per season

73
Q

do not select below 50th percentile if..

A

trait is of importance

breeding (1 decks)

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