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SOCIALPSYCH345 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is social psychology? what do they study?

A

Social psychology is a scientific field that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations.
Topics they study: social influence, group behavior, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal relationships, and more.

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2
Q

what is correlational research? know correlation coefficient, what the number and sign indicate, positive and negative correlations

A

Correlational research is a type of research design used to study the relationship between two or more variables.
The coefficient ranges from -1 to +1.
The closer the coefficient is to -1 or +1, the stronger the correlation. A coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation

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3
Q

how internal dispositions (characteristics) and external social forces (situations) influence our behavior (and be able identify each if given a scenario)

A

It explains that our behavior is influenced by both our internal characteristics (such as personality traits) and external social forces (such as the situation we are in or the people around us).

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4
Q

what is hindsight bias?

A

Essentially, people believe that they “knew it all along”

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5
Q

what is a hypothesis and what is its purpose?

A

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, that can be tested through further investigation.
Its purpose is to provide a tentative explanation for a phenomenon and guide further research

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6
Q

how can survey results be influenced?

A

biased or misleading questions, improper sampling techniques, or inaccurate data analysis.
environment (other people) or the characteristics of the respondents, can also affect the results.

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7
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Participant provides responses that make the participant appear good or morally righteous, or that they believe the experimenter wants to hear.

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8
Q

independent variable

A

is a variable that is manipulated (cause)

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

is the outcome that is being measured (effect)

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10
Q

Random assignment

A

each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group being tested

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11
Q

spotlight effect

A

people tend to overestimate how much attention others are paying to them.

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12
Q

illusion of transparency

A

belief that one’s internal thoughts or emotions are more apparent to others than they really are.

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13
Q

self-concept

A

an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about themselves, including their personality traits, abilities, values, and other characteristics.
(The image we have of ourselves)

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14
Q

self-schema

A

framework that people use to organize and interpret information about themselves.
beliefs, memories, and attitudes that are relevant to the self.
The mental templates

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15
Q

Impact bias

A

overestimate the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events.

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16
Q

differentiate between the “independent self” and the “interdependent self”

A

independent self is defined by their individuality and independence from others. Contrasted with the concept of an “interdependent self,” where a person’s sense of self is defined by their relationships and connections with others.

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17
Q

individualistic cultures and collectivistic cultures

A

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal independence, autonomy, and achievement, while collectivistic cultures emphasize the importance of the group or community, and prioritize harmony and interdependence among members.

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18
Q

what are characteristics of individuals with low self-esteem

A

more vulnerable to anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders; and they experience more problems in life

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19
Q

what are characteristics of individuals with high self-esteem

A

Savor and sustain good feelings when good things happen

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20
Q

what are characteristics of individuals with extremely high self-esteem

A
  • Inflated sense of self
  • Anti Social Psychopath
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21
Q

Extremely High self-esteem and Narcissism are more ________ than others?

A

Agressive

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22
Q

how culture impacts self-esteem

A

cultural values and beliefs may emphasize the importance of individual achievement or conformity to social norms.
discrimination or marginalization based on cultural identity can also impact self-esteem.

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23
Q

what is self-efficacy?

A

individual’s belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task or achieve a goal.

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24
Q

Strong vs low self-efficacy

A

strong believes in their ability to succeed while low doubts their abilities.
This may influence motivation, performance, and well being.

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25
Q

system 1 and system 2

A

System 1 thinking is fast, automatic, and intuitive.
System 2 thinking is slower, more deliberate, and analytical.

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26
Q

Belief perseverance

A

to cling to one’s initial beliefs even after receiving new information that contradicts or disconfirms those beliefs.

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27
Q

Priming

A

exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus.

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28
Q

overconfidence phenomenon

A

a cognitive bias that causes people to believe that they are more skilled or knowledgeable than they actually are

29
Q

representative heuristic

A

a cognitive bias where people make judgments and decisions based on how closely something fits their mental prototype or stereotype

30
Q

availability heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind

31
Q

Attribution theory

A

how individuals interpret and explain causal relationships in social life. It examines the ways in which people make judgments about the causes of events and behaviors

32
Q

difference between dispositional attribution and situational attributions

A

Dispositional attribution is when we attribute someone’s behavior to internal characteristics.
Situational attribution is when we attribute someone’s behavior to external factors such as environment.

33
Q

how do social psychologists measure people’s attitudes?

A

Self-report questionnaires, interviews, physiological measures, and behavioral measures.
(IAT) Implicit association test

34
Q

what are attitudes?

A

a person’s overall evaluation of something, which can be positive, negative, or neutral.

35
Q

the main take-away messages are of Zimbardo’s prison experiment

A

the influence of authority figures on behavior, and the dangers of deindividuation and dehumanization in group settings.

36
Q

Self-presentation theory

A

individuals will adjust their behavior and appearance to create a favorable impression on others, in order to gain social acceptance and achieve their goals.

37
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs

38
Q

overjustification effect

A

where an external motivator, such as a reward, decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task

39
Q

The facial feedback effect

A

the expression on a person’s face can actually affect their emotional experience

40
Q

Potent attitudes

A

strong and influential beliefs or mindsets that can impact one’s behavior and actions.

41
Q

Norms

A

unwritten rules or expectations that are widely accepted as appropriate behavior

42
Q

Culture

A

beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society.
language, religion, and social habits to music, art, and cuisine.

43
Q

Personal space

A

physical area around a person that they consider to be their own

44
Q

evolutionary psychologist

A

how human behavior and mental processes have evolved over time through the process of natural selection.

45
Q

know what natural selection says about survival and reproduction

A

Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive.
individuals with disadvantageous traits are less likely to survive

46
Q

the gender differences when choosing leaders - which gender do we prefer in different situations?

A

Women tend to value collaboration, empathy and communication skills more than men when selecting leaders. Men, on the other hand, tend to value assertiveness and confidence more than women.

47
Q

know how men and women differ with respect to aggressiveness

A

Men tend to be more physically aggressive than women. However, women may be more likely to engage in verbal or indirect forms of aggression.
Not all men or all women exhibit the same level or type of aggressiveness.

47
Q

know how men and women differ with respect to aggressiveness

A

Men tend to be more physically aggressive than women. However, women may be more likely to engage in verbal or indirect forms of aggression.
Not all men or all women exhibit the same level or type of aggressiveness.

48
Q

know how men and women differ with respect to aggressiveness

A

Men tend to be more physically aggressive than women. However, women may be more likely to engage in verbal or indirect forms of aggression.
Not all men or all women exhibit the same level or type of aggressiveness.

49
Q

know what women and men prefer in mating

A

Men tend to seek out fertile females. So this may equate to youthfulness and why older men seek younger women.
Women tend to look for resources when it comes to men.

50
Q

how they are similar (men and women in mating)

A

they both want to procreate

51
Q

Leung and Bond’s five universal dimensions on social beliefs

A

Leung and Bond’s five universal dimensions on social beliefs are a framework that identifies five core values shared by people across cultures

52
Q

Cynicism

A

belief that people are motivated purely by self-interest

53
Q

Social Complexity

A

One has to deal with matters according to the specific circumstances

54
Q

Reward for Application

A

Those who believe in hard work are inclined to invest themselves in study, planning, and competing

55
Q

Religiosity

A

Religious faith contributes to good mental health

56
Q

Fate Control

A

Fate determines one’s success and failures

57
Q

how biology and culture both influence gender roles

A

biology may lead to differences in strength and height between genders, while culture may dictate traditional gender roles in the household or in the workforce.

58
Q

Compliance

A

to the act of following rules, regulations, and standards set by a governing body or organization

59
Q

Obedience

A

the act of following instructions or complying with someone’s authority or rules.

60
Q

Mass hysteria

A

phenomenon in which a group of people experience similar physical or psychological symptoms with no clear medical explanation.

61
Q

Acceptance

A

the act of agreeing to or approving of something, typically a proposal, offer or request.

62
Q

Norm formation

A

the process by which a group of individuals develop shared beliefs or expectations about how to behave in certain situations

63
Q

chameleon effect

A

people tend to unconsciously imitate the behavior and mannerisms of those around them

64
Q

Conformity

A

the act of complying with rules or standards

65
Q

The Asch experiment

A

how people conform to the opinions of a majority group, even when the majority is clearly wrong.
Participants are shown a line and asked to compare it to three other lines, and must then give their answer out loud in front of a group of people who are all confederates of the experimenter.
measures how often the real participant will go along with the group, even when they know the group is wrong.

66
Q

The Milgram shock

A

Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person, who was actually a confederate and not actually being shocked, while an authority figure instructed them to continue even when they expressed discomfort or reluctance.

67
Q

Sherif’s autokinetic effect

A

The study involved participants estimating the movement of a point of light in a dark room, and the results showed that people tend to conform to the estimates of others in ambiguous situations.

68
Q

Sherif’s autokinetic effect

A

The study involved participants estimating the movement of a point of light in a dark room, and the results showed that people tend to conform to the estimates of others in ambiguous situations.

SOCIALPSYCH345 (1 decks)

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