Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

What are the racial and ethnic differences in maternal mortality?

Answer 1

- Rate for non-Hispanic Black women is 3.5x than for non-Hispanic White women - Black women have very high rates even if they are rich/make the same amount as white women - For Black women, preeclampsia/eclampsia was the leading cause of maternal death, then postpartum cardiomyopathy, embolism, and hemorrhage - Later maternal deaths were 3.5x more likely among Black women than white women

Answer 2

- First stage: regular contractions (Oxytocin speeds up contractions) - Second stage: delivery - Third stage: delivery of the placenta - Labor average: 9-15 hours

Answer 3

Low birth weight: babies born at term but are "small for gestational age" (less than 2,500 grams, or 5½ pounds) - Approximately 8% of babies in the US have an LBW Preterm: babies born less than 37 weeks of gestation are more at risk as a result - The survival and health of these small infants are a concern, particularly for infants who are very small (less than 1,500 grams or no more than 3.3 pounds)

Answer 4

Age of mother (very young or old), Low SES, Race, Prior premature deliveries, Tobacco or alcohol use, Stress, Pregnancies with multiple fetuses, Infections, High blood pressure

Answer 5

Myelin is a fatty sheath that acts like insulation to speed the transmission of neural impulses. - Aids communication

Answer 6

Incorporates biological and psychological factors with social and cultural factors. - Health depends on characteristics of individuals interacting with characteristics of their family life and the broader cultural context - Culture (Biological Factors: Gender, Immune Function, Prenatal Programming; Social Context: SES, Education, Neighborhood, Social Support; Psychosocial Factors: Attitudes/Beliefs, Personality, Coping Skills)

Answer 7

The brain's ability to change in response to experience throughout the lifespan -

Answer 8

- more physically fit than children who lead a more sedentary lifestyle - enhances cognitive and psychological functioning - support effective executive functions, those important cognitive activities involved in planning and executing goal-directed behaviors - higher levels of academic achievement

Answer 9

Females experiencing puberty tend to become self-conscious about their appearance and how others will respond to them. Males, however, respond more positively to the changes in their bodies. They are more welcoming to the physical changes they experience, such as weight gain and their changing voices.

Answer 10

Males and females grow at different rates and with different body parts. - Peak growth rate for females is under 12 years, it is 13.4 years for males. - Peak growth rate for weight is 12.5 years for females and 13.9 years for males. - Females reach their adult height at 16 years, while males continue to grow at 20 years old. Sexual Maturation - Adrenarche: 6-8 y/o males and females, secondary sex characteristics (pubic and axillary/underarm hair) - Menarche: 11-15 years old females, when they experience their first menstruation - Semenarche: 13 years old males, when they experience their first ejaculation.

Answer 11

Sensation: The process by which sensory receptor neurons detect information and transmit to the brain. -> Perception and Action - Scent receptors detect the odor of freshly baked cookies Perception: The interpretation of sensory input. -> Action - "This smells like the cookies my mom used to make." Action: Motor activities prompted by sensory and/or perceptual information. - You grab a cookie and eat it.

Answer 12

Habituation: The same stimulus is repeatedly presented until the infant grows bored with what has become familiar and disengages. - Measure how long until an infant becomes bored - Measure how distinct a second, new stimulus needs to be to recapture the infant's attention Preferential looking: Two stimuli are simultaneously shown to determine which one they prefer, which is inferred to be the one they look at longer. - Adding head-mounted, eye-tracking cameras has allowed researchers to measure more precisely preferential looking. Evoked potential: Electrical activity in different parts of the brain is measured while the infant is exposed to stimulation. - Electrodes are attached to the surface of the skull, and a computer records the pattern of the electrical activity corresponding to various stimuli. Operant Conditioning: Infants are conditioned to reliably respond in a certain way to a certain stimulus. - Once this response is well-established, the researcher can examine the conditions under which the infants will or will not continue to produce the behavior. - Continued head turning suggests that infants do not detect a noticeable difference between the original and new stimuli, whereas lack of the conditioned response is evidence that they distinguish between the two stimuli.

Answer 13

Most infants of crawling age (typically 7 months or older) clearly perceive depth and are afraid of drop-offs.

Answer 14

- Developments take place over time through a "self-organizing" process. - Children use sensory feedback when trying different movements to modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways.

Answer 15

- Infants acquire gross motor skills before mastering fine motor skills. − Early motor development follows the cephalocaudal principle and proximodistal principle. − It takes an average of 13 starts and stops over a period of days before toddlers show consistent performance of a motor skill.

Answer 16

- Modern world affects the maintaining of healthy senses (Screen time, Eye strain, headaches, blurred vision, dry eyes, difficulty focusing, and neck and shoulder pain) - Loud sounds (above 75 decibels) may lead to hearing loss - Tinnitus: ringing sounds in ears (40% of teens report tinnitus in conjunction with listening to music with earbuds)

Answer 17

As children get older 1. Attention spans become longer 2. Become more selective in what they attend to 3. Better able to plan and carry out systematic strategies for using their senses to achieve goals - Beyond ages 10 to 12, not much increase in the length of sustained attention: Children become more accurate on tasks requiring sustained attention. Adolescents have longer attention spans than children: − Tied to increased myelination of those portions of the brain that help regulate attention − Become more efficient at ignoring irrelevant information − Can divide their attention more systematically between two task Older adults have greatest difficulties in processing visual information when the situation is novel and when it is complex. − Have fewer problems when there are clear expectations about what to do and when task is not overly complicated

Answer 18

Vision - Presbyopia: aging of the eye, Includes hardening of the eye’s lens - Age-related macular degeneration: vision becomes blurry and begins to fade from the center of the visual field; Leading cause of blindness Hearing - In older adults: Hearing impairment is 3x as prevalent as visual impairment; A majority of individuals older than 65 have at least mildly impaired hearing. - Most age-related hearing problems: Due to the degeneration of cochlear hair cells, surrounding structures, and the neurons leading from them to the brain - Men lose hearing sensitivity at a faster rate. - Presbycusis: problems of the aging ear