exam 1

Question 1

natural selection

Answer 1

Evolution that selects for differential survival and reproduction of different phenotypes in a population.

Question 2

Macroevolution

Answer 2

generally concerned with large patterns over evolutionary time. and the large-scale deployment of species over space and time.

Question 3

igneous rocks

Answer 3

Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet’s mantle or crust.

Question 4

metamorphic rock

Answer 4

Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids, or, more commonly, some combination of these factors.

Question 5

sedimentary rock

Answer 5

Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale. These rocks often start as sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans. When buried, the sediments lose water and become cemented to form rock. Tuffaceous sandstones contain volcanic ash.

Question 6

universe age

Answer 6

13.6 billion years old.

Question 7

number of galaxies

Answer 7

2 trillion observed galaxies.

Question 8

supernova

Answer 8

the explosive death of a star that results in all the elements of the period table.

Question 9

Hadean eon

Answer 9

The Hadean is a geologic eon of Earth history preceding the Archean. On Earth, the Hadean began with the planet’s formation about 4.54 billion years ago. The Hadean ended, as defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, 4 billion years ago.

Question 10

archean

Answer 10

The Archean Eon is the second of four geologic eons of Earth’s history and by definition representing the time from 4 to 2.5 billion years ago. The Archean was preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the Proterozoic.

Question 11

habitability zone hypothesis

Answer 11

the criteria that a planet must meet in order to be habitable for life like proximity to a star, necessary materials, etc.

Question 12

early tangible evidence for life on Earth

Answer 12

• 4.1-3.8 billion chemical clues towards the existence of life
• 3.8 billion years old microfossils in Nuvvuagittug
• 3.7 billion direct fossil evidence of life
• 3.5 billion ancient stromatolites
• 2.7-1.8 billion BIFs show evidence of 02
• 2.4-2.2 billion increased O2 concentration
• 2-2.7 billion eukaryotes evolve

Question 13

Alexander Oparin

Answer 13

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin was a Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life, and for his book The Origin of Life. He also studied the biochemistry of material processing by plants and enzyme reactions in plant cells.

Question 14

systematics

Answer 14

phylogenies + taxonomy

Question 15

phylogeny

Answer 15

the genetic history of life

Question 16

symplesiomorphy

Answer 16

a character that is found among two or more taxa but is also found in taxa with an earlier common ancestry.

Question 17

synapomorphy

Answer 17

a character that is shared by two or more common ancestors. shared derived traits.

Question 18

Sir Thomas Morgan

Answer 18

research with the fruit fly (Drosophila) by which he established the chromosome theory of heredity. He showed that genes are linked in a series on chromosomes and are responsible for identifiable, hereditary traits.