exam 1 Flashcards
If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a generalized understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don’t If you do, you have just made what error?
Inaccurate observation
Overgeneralization
Illogical reasoning
Selective observation
Inaccurate observation
Overgeneralization
Illogical reasoning
Selective observation (*)
Things we consider real because we’ve been told they are real are which type of reality
Agreement reality
Expressed reality
Assumed reality
Experiential reality
Agreement reality (*)
Expressed reality
Assumed reality
Experiential reality
Gender and race are both examples of
An attribute
A variable
A description
A fallacy
An attribute
A variable (*)
A description
A fallacy
If the independent variable is the cause, then the dependent variable is the
Reason
Description
Effect
Fallacy
Reason
Description
Effect (*)
Fallacy
Orange County has implemented a new policy regarding firearms. You want to evaluate its effects. The purpose of your research is
Exploration
Description
Explanation
Application
Exploration
Description
Explanation
Application (*)
The major distinction between quantitative and qualitative data is the distinction between
Written and spoken data
Weights and measurements
Numerical and nonnumeric data
General and specific data
Written and spoken data
Weights and measurements
Numerical and nonnumeric data (*)
General and specific data
Which of the following is not an example of a concept
Delinquency
Social class
Indoor temperature
Social disorganization
Delinquency
Social class
Indoor temperature (*)
Social disorganization
Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis (or form of a hypothesis)? (check two)
Males score higher in math than females
Poor children have higher delinquency rates than do middle-class children
Why does the US have the highest incarceration rate in the world?
Those who study daily are more likely to have higher grades than those who study only before the exam.
There is a relationship between drugs and crime.
Males score higher in math than females
Poor children have higher delinquency rates than do middle-class children
Why does the US have the highest incarceration rate in the world? ()
Those who study daily are more likely to have higher grades than those who study only before the exam.
There is a relationship between drugs and crime. ()
“All people are mortal; Socrates is a person; therefore, Socrates is mortal” is an example of
Induction
Deduction
Applied
All of the above
Induction
Deduction (*)
Applied
All of the above
The concept of “observation” in the language of science means
Looking at the world and making value judgments
Looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen
Looking at the world and making changes in what is seen
None of the above
Looking at the world and making value judgments
Looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen (*)
Looking at the world and making changes in what is seen
None of the above
Which of the following best applies to the statement that “science is always objective”?
This only happens only in the study of economics
Objectivity is more a matter of inter-subjective agreement
Objectivity can never happen when one is engaged in scientific research
If the researcher is aware of all variables impacting his/her study, then objectivity is always present
This only happens only in the study of economics
Objectivity is more a matter of inter-subjective agreement (*)
Objectivity can never happen when one is engaged in scientific research
If the researcher is aware of all variables impacting his/her study, then objectivity is always present
Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically?
The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and the crime rate
The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and citizen satisfaction
The role that an act of God plays on being arrested for a criminal offense
The role that age plays in slowing one’s criminal activities
The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and the crime rate
The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and citizen satisfaction
The role that an act of God plays on being arrested for a criminal offense (*)
The role that age plays in slowing one’s criminal activities
Which of the following would not be an example of organizations as units of analysis?
Police departments
Federal courthouses
Drug treatment facilities
Privates in the military
Police departments
Federal courthouses
Drug treatment facilities
Privates in the military (*)
Sally begins to think about the classes she’s enrolled in at her university. She notices that she speaks a lot in 3 of her classes and very little in two others. She also notices that the classes in which she speaks have female instructors and that she rarely speaks in the two classes with male She begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in the class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male. Sally is using
Illogical reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Ordinary human inquiry
Illogical reasoning
Inductive reasoning(*)
Deductive reasoning
Ordinary human inquiry
The effect of violence in children’s programming is a major research endeavor that requires counting the number of violent acts in Saturday morning cartoons for an entire The units of analysis being used for this project are:
Social artifacts
Individuals
Groups
Organizations
Social artifacts (*)
Individuals
Groups
Organizations
The effect of violence in children’s programming is a major research endeavor that requires counting the number of violent acts in Saturday morning cartoons for an entire The units of analysis/sampling unit being used for this project are
Cartoon viewers
Cartoons
Violent acts
Saturday morning cartoons
Cartoon viewers
Cartoons
Violent acts
Saturday morning cartoons (*)
Professor Koo examined the literature on AIDS and could find nothing that examined children’s attitudes toward parents and friends with AIDS. To examine this topic, Koo should undertake a(n)
Examination of reductionism
A descriptive study
An exploratory study
An explanatory study
A panel study
Examination of reductionism
A descriptive study
An exploratory study (*)
An explanatory study
A panel study
In Sweden, there is a very strong correlation between the number of storks and the number of babies born. However, both of these variables are associated with region (rural urban). This illustrates
That the number of storks is causally related to the number of babies born
That the number of babies born precedes the number of storks in time
That there is no causal relationship between the number of storks and the number of babies
That storks really do bring babies
None of these choices
That the number of storks is causally related to the number of babies born
That the number of babies born precedes the number of storks in time
That there is no causal relationship between the number of storks and the number of babies (*)
That storks really do bring babies
None of these choices
Professor Koo’s study of individuals who entered court mandated drug treatment in Orange County in 2000 was an attempt to measure recidivism (drug related crime/relapse) by following those individuals for 5 years. She examined records from police agencies and courts to determine how many individuals had been arrested, charged, or convicted. This is an example of what type of study?
Cross sectional study
Trend study
Cohort study
Panel study
Cross sectional study
Trend study
Cohort study (*)
Panel study
A new police officer encounters a youth while working. The youth is rude and disrespectful. From this interaction, the police officer concludes that all the youths in the neighborhood are rude and disrespectful to police. This is an example of:
agreement reality
inaccurate observation
overgeneralization
tradition
agreement reality
inaccurate observation
overgeneralization (*)
tradition
Researchers conduct an applied research to determine whether a new neighborhood watch program met its goal to reduce property crime. What type of study did they conduct?
evaluation
exploration
description
explanation
evaluation (*)
exploration
description
explanation
Koo burns her eyelashes by lighting a cigarette from the gas stove. From the experience, she learns that lighting a cigarette from the gas stove results in her eyelashes being burned off. She learned this through
agreement
logical
authority
experiential
direct
agreement
logical
authority
experiential (*)
direct
Your friend believes that all criminal justice majors are conservative. To support his belief, he references all the criminal justice majors he knows who are conservative. However, he ignores the other criminal justice majors who are not conservative. What error in reasoning does he illustrate?
illogical reasoning
gambler’s fallacy
inaccurate observations
selective observation
illogical reasoning
gambler’s fallacy
inaccurate observations
selective observation (*)
Hello Kitty conducts a study to determine why juvenile delinquents recidivate after initial involvement in the juvenile justice system. What research purpose does this study serve?
description
explanation
application
policy analysis
description
explanation (*)
application
policy analysis
Darth Vader enters a classroom and asks the students to fill out a survey. The surveys do not contain any identifying information and students are directed not to write their names on the surveys and to place their surveys in a sealed box when leaving the classroom. This survey is:
anonymous
unethical
confidential
anonymous and confidential
anonymous (*)
unethical
confidential
anonymous and confidential
The norm of voluntary participation is usually satisfied through:
no harm to participants
confidentiality
consent
anonymity
no harm to participants
confidentiality
consent(*)
anonymity
The requirement of “no harm to human subjects” is met if:
there is no risk of physical or emotional harm to the subjects
the potential risks to the subjects are outweighed by the possible benefits of the study
subjects are not informed of the potential risks of participating in the study
there is no risk of physical harm to the subjects
there is no risk of physical or emotional harm to the subjects
the potential risks to the subjects are outweighed by the possible benefits of the study (*)
subjects are not informed of the potential risks of participating in the study
there is no risk of physical harm to the subjects
In the following hypothesis, what is the unit of analysis? Police departments with more police officers employ a larger variety of policing strategies than police departments with fewer police
social organization
social artifact
social group
individual
social organization (*)
social artifact
social group
individual
If researchers collect and record the rate of the crime in a neighborhood every year for 10 years, what type of study are they conducting?
panel
cohort
cross sectional
trend
panel
cohort
cross sectional
trend (*)
In order to establish causation, which three criteria must be met?
reliability, temporal order, lack of spurious factor
correlation, temporal order, validity
elimination of rival factors, validity, temporal order
elimination of rival factors, temporal order, correlation
reliability, temporal order, lack of spurious factor
correlation, temporal order, validity
elimination of rival factors, validity, temporal order
elimination of rival factors, temporal order, correlation (*)
How do you know what you claim to know?
two realities
experimental reality: things we know from direct experience
agreement reality: the things we consider real because this is what we’ve been told they’re real and everyone assumes they are
The two different forms of agreement reality
the things we consider real because this is what we’ve been told they’re real and everyone assumes they are
What is the social scientific methodology?
The scientific method, as applied to social sciences, includes a variety of research approaches, tools, and techniques, for collecting and analyzing qualitative or quantitative data. These methods include laboratory experiments, field surveys, case research, ethnographic research, action research, and so forth.
The purpose of social science research methods
science offers both agreement and experimental reality (science of finding out)
Types of errors made in observation
people differ, answers may be exaggerate, biased, eye witness testimony (err is human
The 4 purposes of research
- exploration : explore specific problem
- description : to describe In counting or documenting
- explanation : explain/ why did (x) happen ex. why crime
- application :applied studies /research
Variables
are counter parts to concepts
ex. basically how you measure
confidentiality
not anonymous but never will be revealed
anonymous
no trace ( do not know who )
principles of ethics
- no harm to participants, researcher, bystanders
*good researcher has to think about any potential harm
never injuring ppl whether or not; no embarrassment - major fundemental voluntary participation
no trickery or cohesion
> benefits/compensation/ less time
Ethics and the CJ system
behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of given group
concepts
the abstract ideas or phenomena that are being studied (e.g., educational achievement).
ex. income (measuring by annual household income)
hypothesis
must be testable
educated guess
specified explanation about empirical reality
it must be testable therefore in the direction of the expectation
paradigm
certain world view
ex how does Canada and use view healthcare
canada; free /socialist
usa democratic: have to pay
elimination of potential rival factors
x –> y
is x really cousin changes in y or other factor
ex. female professors getting 50,000 a year, male 100,00 a year there is discrimination
is there or we have to account for other things?
- z factors? years od experience, same rank, degree
temporal order
sequential timing of variables
we need to make sure x proceeding y
statistical significance
do you see a pattern between x and y
Criteria for Causality
- association (statistical significance)
- temporal order ( timing of variable or direction of influence)
- elimination of rival (hypothesis/explanation/variables)
external validity
how generalizable are my findings
- this has to do with the importance of replication of the study
you need to compare apples to apples not apples to oranges
internal validity
rival causal factors is main concern here
threat comes from 3rd variable causes y
statistical conclusion validity
statistical association is present: changes in x is demonstrated to create changes in y
ex. age statistically associated with car speed
- low n may be a problem; making sure n is large enough to support conclusions
Validity and causal inference (“threats to causal validity”)
- statistical conclusion validity
- internal validity
- contruct validity
- external validity
social artifact
products of social beings and their behavior
(crime theories in the media, crime police reports, photographs )
ex. crime myths vs reality why such a big gap and why being studied ? (the myths is the social artifact)
ex. why do males and female have certain expectations how they look? (bc of social media; social artifact)
social organization
share goals
(political and social organization with established goals)
ex. cal grad rates (N) is the organization 23 schools
social group
sharing some type of relationship, multiple ppl w/same characteristic
- gangs, police
ex. couples (2 ppl only represent one )
individual (Units of A)
(all offenders, only violent offenders, all sex offenders)
ex. males preforming better than girls in class
- have to test EACH student
- students therefore individual
Units of analysis
individual
social organization
social groups
social artifacts
long/panel
studying same ppl over time
long/cohort
study differences in cohort grade across time: examine pop as they change over time
- may of may not include same ppl
ex. ppl who enter or exit treatment program/ institution @ same time
long/ trend
study differences by year; study changes within general pop over time
ex. census
cross sectional
one observation point
major weakness can not handle temporal order(problem establishing causality)
Time Dimension: types of studies
cross sectional
longitudinal
- trend
- cohort
- panel
theory
EXTREMELY important in research
w/o theory no valid rationale that research reflects reality (helps “grounds” data into reality)
experimental reality
things we consider real from direct experience
agreement reality
things we consider real bc someone else
ex. sunsetting in west/believe to not be in a cycle
tradition reality
most ppl believe so we do
ex. mood landing
authority reality
status of person who found info
ex. based on specialization or discovery
doctor tells you, you are sick and believe due to higher power
lack of objectivity
ideological and politics
premise = proof
illogical reasoning
biased smapling
overgeneralization
unclear witness
inaccurate observation
purpose of research; exploration
explore specific problem (little is known)
description
to describe in counting or documenting
explanation
explain/why did (x) happen
ex. why crime
application
applied studies/ research
avenues of inquiry
ideographic, nomothetic
inductive, deductive reasoning
quantitive, qualitative
ideographic
specific explanation of single situation/case
nomothetic
generalized explanation of similar situation/ case
inductive
more from specific to general (make theory)
deductive
move from general to specific
have a theory
quantitative
statistical analysis to analyze data
qualitative
do not use statistical/adds more context to data
“N of 1”
sample size of
