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Psychology 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it is also known as the I knew it all along phenomenon

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Is a testable prediction often implied by a theory

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3
Q

Operational definition

A

a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured

Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in research study For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures also known as operationalization.

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4
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depthin hopes of revealing universal principles indepth analysis of individuals or groups

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5
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. It does not explain behavior, and it does not control all factors that may influence behavior.

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6
Q

Surveys

A

technique for obtaining -self reported, attitudes or behaviors by questioning a random sample of a group

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7
Q

Random sampling

A

Every person in the entire population being studied has an equal chance of participating

CAN’T show cause-and-effect because researches cannot control variables
A sample that clearly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion. Population of all those in a group being studied from which random samples may be drawn important to note that this does not refer to a countries whole population.

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8
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well each factor predicts the other

Correlation Examples in Statistics. An example of a positive correlation includes calories burned by exercise, where with the increase in the exercise level, the calories burned will also increase.

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9
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

statistical index of the relationship between two things from -1.00 - +1.00.
-98 is a strong is a correlation
-52 is moderate
.12 weak

When one variable increases as the other increases the correlation is positive; when one decreases as the other increases it is negative

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10
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates, one or more factors

test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact

Uses Independent variables to reserve the effect on someone’s behavior and mental processes, the dependent variable by random assignment of participants

**scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact

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11
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment or one version the independent variable

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12
Q

Control group

A

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment contrasts with the experimental group,and serves as a comparison for evaluating the fact of the treatment. The group given the placebo.

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13
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor introduced that is being manipulated the introduced & manipulated variable whose effect is being studied

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14
Q

Dependent variable

A

THE OUTCOME

It is something that depends on other factors. For example, a test score could be a dependent variable because it could change depending on several factors such as how much you studied, how much sleep you got the night before you took the test, or even how hungry you were when you took it.

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15
Q

Confounding variable

A

In an experiment, a factor, other than the factor being studied that might influence studies results

Example of a confounding variable You collect data on sunburns and ice cream consumption. You find that higher ice cream consumption is associated with a higher probability of sunburn. Does that mean ice cream consumption causes sunburn?

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16
Q

Ethics

A

Code of the APA and the BPS that outlines standards for safeguarding human, participants and animals Scientific scrutiny and replication to help guard against the fabrication of data

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17
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

Mode Mean Median

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18
Q

Mode

A

 the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

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19
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic averageof a distribution obtained by adding the scores, and then dividing by the number of the scores

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20
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution half the scores are above it, and the other half or below it

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21
Q

Normal curve, bell shaped curve

A

A symmetrical bell shaped curve that describe the distribution of many types of data, most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near extremes The bell shade distribution is so typically that because the curve informs the normal curve.

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22
Q

Phrenology

A

German physician Franz Gall propose of bumps on the skull could reveal a persons, mental abilitiesand character traits

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23
Q

Neuroplasty

A

The brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage, or by building, new pathways, based on experience

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24
Q

Parts of a Nueron

A

Cell body
Nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal branches (Axon)
Axon potential

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25
Q

Cell body

A

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus, the cells, life support center

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26
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives messages from other cells. Often a bushy branching extension that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses towards the cell body.

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27
Q

Axon
Nerve Fiber

A

Pass his messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles and glands

The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands

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28
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon in some neurons and helps speed neural impulses. A fatty tissue layer, sick mentally encasing the axons of some neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed as you’re all impulses hot from one Aud to the next.

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29
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Form junctions with other cells

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30
Q

Action potentials

A

A brief electrical charge that travels down it’s Axon happens when our neurons are stimulated enough that their membranes electrical charge reaches a threshold that prompts each of the neurons to fire an impulse an action potential which travels down the Saxon and transmits messages to other neurons, muscles and glands

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31
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at the junction is called synaptic gap.

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32
Q

All or none response

A

A neurons reaction of either firing with a full shrink response, or not firing. Either it’s working or it’s not working.

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33
Q

How do drugs affect neurotransmission

A

Drugs, and other chemicals affect, brain, chemistry, often by either exciting or inhibiting neurons firing
Agonist a molecule that increases neurotransmitters action antagonista molecule that inhibits or blocks in neurotransmitters action

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34
Q

Types of neurons

A

 Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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35
Q

Interneurons

A

are the ones in between - they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons As well as transferring signals between sensory

36
Q

Sensory neurons

A

nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain

Carry incoming information from the bodies, tissue and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment - for example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending off signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.

37
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carries on going information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

specialized type of brain cell located within the spinal cord and the brain. They come in two main subtypes, namely the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons. The upper motor neurons originate in the brain and travel downward to connect with the lower motor neurons. Neurons that carry.

38
Q

Endocrine system

A

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs

It uses hormonesto control and coordinate your body’s metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system: Hypothalamus

39
Q

Central nervous system

A

e

CNS has three main components: the brain, the spinal cord, and the neurons (or nerve cells). Each part of the CNS plays an important role in how the body functions, and the three components of the CNS work together to take in information and control how the body responds.

40
Q

The peripheral nervous system

A

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts: Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands. Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.

consists of nerves and ganglia, which lie outside the brain and the spinal cord

41
Q

Autonomic

A

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system Self regulating action of internal organs and glands nervous system, autonomic nervous system, that are rows of the body mobilizing its energy. Can accelerate heartbeat and slow it down.

self-regulating

42
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Your somatic nervous system is a subdivision of your peripheral nervous system that stretches throughout nearly every part of your body. The nerves in this system deliver information from your senses to your brain They also carry commands from your brain to your muscles so you can move around. Controls the body, skeletal muscles also called a skeletal nervous system

43
Q

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Uses magnetic field and radio waves to show brain anatomy. It provides a map of the brain does not show brain function. scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body

44
Q

FMRI Functional Magnetic resonance imaging

A

measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activityIt may be used to examine which parts of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effects of stroke or other disease, or to guide brain treatment. Reveals brain function.

45
Q

Parts of the BRAIN STEM
The oldest part, and central core of the brain

A

Medulla
Pons
Thalamus
Reticular formation

46
Q

Pons

A

Your pons relays and regulates the signals that give you the sensation of pain from anywhere in your body below your neck. It works with other brain structures. Your pons is a key connection point to your cerebellum, another key part of your brain that handles balance

47
Q

Medulla

A

At the base of the brainstem controls, heartbeat and breathing

48
Q

Thalamus

A

Your thalamus is your body’s information relay station. All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation. Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.

49
Q

Reticular formation

A

A nerve network that carries information to the thalamus filters information plays an important role in controlling arousal

maintains levels of alertness and sleep. Also functions as a filter for inattention to repetitive meaningless stimuli. The reticular formation is a region in the pons involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. The reticular formation is a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.

The reticular formation also plays a role in controlling the muscles of facial expression when associated with emotion. For example, when you smile or laugh in response to a joke, the motor control to your facial muscles is provided by the reticular formation on both sides of the brain.

nerve network that travels through the brain stream into the thalamus filters information and plays an important role in controlling arousal

50
Q

Parts of the Limbic System

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Amygdala
Hippocampus

51
Q

Amygdala

A

a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions.

52
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Pituitary gland releases human growth hormone bridge is necessary for muscle development

53
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

54
Q

Hippocampus

A

Regulate & stores information helps process explicit memories, facts & events
thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.

It has a major role in learning and memory.

55
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres a Carey messages between them information received by either hemispheres quickly transmit it to the other Across The corpus callosum. In a person with a severed corpus callosum this information sharing does not take place.

56
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Partiel
Occipital
Temporal

57
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Controls judgment and  speaking and muscle movement located just behind the forehead. This is not fully developed until you are mid 20s. Located behind the forehead.

58
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Located on the top of the head, and towards the rear, receives sensory input for Touch and Body position

59
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Lying at the back of the head receives information from visual fields

sit at the back of the head and are responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

60
Q

Temporal lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly about the ears, including the auditory areas receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

61
Q

Hereditary

A

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetic information containing these traits are stored in the nuclei of cells called genes

62
Q

Temperament

A

Temperament refers to personality traitsthat determine how someone reacts to the world. Are they quiet or rambunctious? Easygoing or apprehensive? The traits of temperament are mostly innate traits that we are bornwith, although they can be influenced by an individual’s family, culture or their experiences.

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity in intensity. The genetic affect appears in psychological differences, anxious, inhibited infants, have high and variable, heart rates and reactive nervous system when facing new situation as they become more psychologically aroused

63
Q

Environment

A

Every non-genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

64
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

The entire set of DNA instructions found cell

The complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in the organisms chromosomes

65
Q

monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins - Individuals who develop from a single fertilized egg that split into creating two genetically, identical, organisms, identical, twins, more than fraternal, twins look alike so much so that most have difficulty distinguishing flash photo of their face from the co twins face

66
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Fraternal, twins individuals who have developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are generously, no closer than ordinary siblings, but shared a prenatal environment.

67
Q

Heritability

A

The portion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute genes The red ability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations environments studied
GENETICS
The proportion of variation in a population trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic

68
Q

Epigenetics
See diagram

A

Epigenetics

It takes many generations for a genetic trait to become common in a population. The epigenome, on the other hand, can change rapidly in response to signals from the environment. And epigenetic changes can happen in many individuals at once.

The Greek prefix epi- (ἐπι- “over, outside of, around”)
implies features that are “on top of” or “in addition to” the traditional genetic basis for inheritance

the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence.
Beginning in the womb, life experiences lay down epigenetic marks - often organic methyl molecules that can influence the expression of any gene and DNA segment the effect

69
Q

Early experiences and the brain

A

Formative nurture that conspires with nature, begins at conception. The prenatal environment begins in the womb where embryos receive different nutrition, varying levels of exposure to toxic agents. Nurture then continues outside the womb where are early experiences Fosse brain development.

Handled infants of both species, develop faster, neurologically, and gain weight more rapidly. Preemies who have had skin to skin contact with your parents sleep better experience, less stress, and show bigger cognitive development, 10 years later nature and nurture interact to sculpt our synapses..

During early childhood, while access connections are still on call youngsters can most easily master such skills as the grammar and accent of another language

Sights smells, touches and taste, music and movement activate and strengthen some neural pathways well stop from disuse

70
Q

Individualism

A

Give me a priority to one’s own goal over group, goals, and defining once identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identities

71
Q

Collectivism

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group, often one extended family or work group and defining one’s identity accordingly

72
Q

Primary and secondary sex changes

A

Primary sex characteristics refer to changes to the sexual organs themselves (uterus, vagina, penis, and testes). Secondary sex characteristics refer to other visible changes that mark adult maturation such as changes in height and body shape.

73
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures ovaries testes an external genitalia that makes sex reproduction possible

Spermarche first time ejaculation
Menarche first menstral cycle

74
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Non-reproductive sexual traits as a female breasts and hips, male voice, quality and body hair. are those that emerge during the prepubescent through postpubescent phases (e.g., breasts in females and pigmented facial hair in males).

75
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing.A variety changes begin at about 10 in girls, and 12 in boys, such as budding breasts or enlarging testes. You also start to begin to lose your pathways that are being used in order to strengthen the remaining ones.

76
Q

Gender role

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes and trates for men and four women

77
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male female neither or some combination of male and female

78
Q

Gender orientation

A

Sexual orientation is about who you’re attracted toand who you feel drawn to romantically, emotionally, and sexually. It’s different than gender identity. Gender identity isn’t about who you’re attracted to, but about who you ARE male female gender queer or non binary

79
Q

Bio psychology approach to development
See figure

A

The biopsychosocial approach to development views social factors, along with biological and psychological factors, as important in terms of understanding how an individual grows and matures throughout the lifespan.

80
Q

Spermarche

A

first time ejaculation

81
Q

Menarche

A

first menstral cycle

82
Q

Cerebellum

A

attached to the rear of the brain stem coordinates muscle movement and balance, and enables nonverbal, learning and memory

The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions.

83
Q

Heredity Vs Heritability

A

The two words are similar, but heredity is concerned with the process of genetically transmitting traits or characteristics from an ancestor to a descendant. Heritability is concerned with how much of the variance seen in a population can be attributed to genetic variation instead of the environment. Many traits are polygenic, influenced by the additive effects of multiple genes, along with being heavily influenced by the individual’s external environment.

84
Q

Adrenal glands
(Endocrine system)

A

A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. Also called suprarenal gland.

85
Q

Nueron

A

Neurons are information messengers. They use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system.

Psychology 100 (2 decks)

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