Exam 1

Question 1

taxonomy

Answer 1

the science of classification

Question 2

taxon

Answer 2

group of organisms in a taxonomy

Question 3

Natural selection, these three things must be true:

Answer 3

1. traits vary within a population
2. traits are heritable
3. individuals with traits that allow them to survive and reproduce pass those traits on to the next generation

Question 4

evolution (Darwins defintion)

Answer 4

change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

Question 5

blending inheritance

Answer 5

after traits have been “blended”, all variation disappears (ex: mixing pink paint with pink paint only makes more pink paint)

Question 6

genotype

Answer 6

genetic signal

Question 7

phenotype

Answer 7

the physical expression of a genotype

Question 8

evolution (modern day definition)

Answer 8

change in allele frequencies (genetic structure) of biological populations over successive generations

Question 9

four forces of evolution

Answer 9

-mutation
-gene flow
-genetic drift
-natural selection

Question 10

mutation

Answer 10

appearance of new alleles

Question 11

gene flow

Answer 11

introduction of new alleles or change in allele frequencies from individuals outside population

Question 12

genetic drift

Answer 12

-random changes in allele frequencies, usually at small population sizes
-two common types: bottleneck effect, founder effect

Question 13

natural selection

Answer 13

differential reproductive success of phenotypes, which causes a change in allele frequencies

Question 14

biological species concept

Answer 14

reproductively isolated breeding populations

Question 15

morphological species concept

Answer 15

phenotypically distinct populations

Question 16

ecological species concept

Answer 16

populations occupying distinct ecological niches

Question 17

allopatric speciation

Answer 17

speciation through geographic isolation

Question 18

sympatric speciation

Answer 18

speciation in the same geographic location

Question 19

what is systematics

Answer 19

the field of Biology that reconstructs phylogeny and uncovers the pattern of events that led to the distribution and diversity of species

Question 20

homologous characters

Answer 20

traits that were inherited from a common ancestor

Question 21

analogous characters

Answer 21

similar structures that evolved independently

Question 22

primitive traits

Answer 22

shared characters uninformative for sorting out relationships

Question 23

derived traits

Answer 23

shared characters that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and sets members of that clade apart from others

Question 24

what traits define a mammal?

Answer 24

sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands

Question 25

heterodont

Answer 25

multiple types of teeth

Question 26

diphyodont

Answer 26

two sets of teeth

Question 27

endothermy

Answer 27

body temperature regulation

Question 28

what defines a primate?

Answer 28

-five-digit grasping hands and feet -nails instead of claws -postorbital bar -forward facing eyes -relatively large brains -

Question 29

ecology

Answer 29

the study of the interrelationships of organisms with their environment and each other

Question 30

ecological niche

Answer 30

the place an organism occupies within a community or ecosystem

Question 31

primate groups can be driven by:

Answer 31

-protection from predators -access to food -access to mates -assistance in caring for offspring

Question 32

neocortex

Answer 32

portion of the brain where higher cognitive functions (e.g., attention, thought, perception, episodic memory) occur

Question 33

frugivore

Answer 33

primates that eat mostly fruit

Question 34

folivore

Answer 34

primates that eat mostly leaves

Question 35

faunivore/insectivore

Answer 35

primates that eat insects or other animals (ex: small vertebrates)

Question 36

gummivore

Answer 36

primates that eat mostly gums or exudates

Question 37

noyau

Answer 37

most primitive (common across mammals), males have ranges overlapping with several females

Question 38

monogamy

Answer 38

pair group

Question 39

polyandry

Answer 39

single reproducing female and several sexually active males

Question 40

polygyny

Answer 40

single reproducing male and several sexually active females (adult males not living in mixed-sex groups will form ‘bachelor groups’)

Question 41

polyandrous

Answer 41

several sexually active males and females

Question 42

fission-fusion

Answer 42

subgroups of individuals vary day- to-day and by activity (e.g., foraging)