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Music History Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pitch

A

Highness or lowness of the note, depending on the frequency

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2
Q

Note

A

A musical symbol denoting pitch and duration

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3
Q

Timbre

A

The quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another

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4
Q

Melody

A

Succession of a single pitches perceived by the ear as a unit

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5
Q

Range

A

Distance between the lowest and highest pitches of a melody, an instrument, or a voice

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6
Q

Contour

A

The overall shape of a melodic line as it moves upward or downward or remains static

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7
Q

Interval

A

The distance and relationship between two pitches

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8
Q

Conjunct

A

Smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals

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9
Q

Disjunct

A

Disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps

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10
Q

Phrase

A

A musical unit, often a component of a melody

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11
Q

Cadence

A

Resting place in a musical phrase, a musical punctuation

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12
Q

Rhyme scheme

A

The arrangement of rhyming words or corresponding sounds at the end of poetic lines

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13
Q

Climax

A

The high point of a melodic line or piece of music, usually representing the peak of intensity, range, and dynamics

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14
Q

Countermelody

A

An accompanying melody sounded against the principal melody

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15
Q

Beat

A

Regular pulsation, a basic unit of length in musical time

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16
Q

Meter

A

Organization in rhythm in time; the grouping of beats into larger, regular patterns, notated as measures

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17
Q

Measures/bars

A

Metric group of beats, notated on the musical staff with bar lines

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18
Q

Bar lines

A

Vertical lines on a staff that separate measures, or bars

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19
Q

Downbeat

A

First beat of the measure, the strongest in any meter

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20
Q

Simple meters

A

Meter in which the beat is divided into two, as in duple, triple and quadruple meters

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21
Q

Compound meters

A

Meter in which each main beat subdivides into three rather than two; 6 8 is a common example

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22
Q

Syncopation

A

Deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat or offbeat

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23
Q

Offbeats

A

A weak beat or weak portion of the beat

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24
Q

Polyrhythm

A

The simultaneous use of several rhythmic meters, common in the twentieth century music and certain African musics

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25
Q

Additive rhythms

A

Patterns of beats that subdivide into small, irregular groups (ex. 2+3+2+3=10), common in some Eastern European and non western musics

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26
Q

Non-metric

A

Music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter, common in certain non-western cultures

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27
Q

Harmony

A

The simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuing relationships of intervals and chords

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28
Q

Chord

A

Simultaneous combination of three or more pitches that constitute a single block of harmony

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29
Q

Scale

A

Series of pitches in ascending or descending order, comprising the notes of a key

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30
Q

Octave

A

Interval between two notes eight diatonic pitches apart; the lower note vibrates half as fast as the upper and sounds an octave lower

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31
Q

Triad

A

Common chord type; consisting of three pitches built on alternate notes of the scale

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32
Q

Tonality

A

Principle of organization around a tonic; or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale

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33
Q

Dissonance

A

Combination of tones that sounds discordant and unstable, in need of resolution

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34
Q

Consonance

A

Concordant or harmonious combination of pitches that provides a sense of relaxation and stability in music

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35
Q

Drone

A

Sustained sounding of one or several pitches for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk musics

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36
Q

Sharp

A

Music symbol (#) that indicates raising a pitch by a half step

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37
Q

Flat

A

Musical symbol (b) that indicates lowering a pitch by a half step

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38
Q

Whole step

A

Interval consisting of two half steps

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39
Q

Major and minor scales

A

Major scale- W H H W W W H

Minor scale- W H W W H W W

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40
Q

Tonic-dominant-tonic

A

??

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41
Q

Diatonic

A

Melody or harmony built from the seven pitches of the major or minor scale. A diatonic scale encompasses patterns of seven whole and half steps

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42
Q

Pentatonic

A

Five note pattern used in some African, far Eastern, and Native American musics, as well as Anglo-American folk music

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43
Q

Microtones

A

Musical interval smaller than a semitone, prevalent in some non-Western music and some twentieth century music

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44
Q

Tonic

A

The first note of the scale, or key; do

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45
Q

Dominant

A

The fifth scale step; sol

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46
Q

Subdominant

A

Fourth scale step, fa

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47
Q

Modulation

A

The process of changing from one key to another

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48
Q

Transposition

A

The shifting of a piece of music to a different pitch level

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49
Q

Monophony

A

Single line texture, or melody without accompaniment

50
Q

Heterophony

A

Texture in which two or more voices (or parts) elaborate the same melody simultaneously, often the result of improvisation

51
Q

Polyphony

A

Texture resulting from combining two or more melodic lines, as distinct from monophonic

52
Q

Homophony

A

Texture with a principal melody and accompanying harmony, as distinct from polyphony

53
Q

Homorhythmic

A

Texture in which all voices, or lines, move together in the same rhythm

54
Q

Imitation

A

Melodic idea presented in one voice or part and then restated in another, each part continuing as others enter

55
Q

Canon

A

A list of composers and/or works assigned value and greatness by consensus. Also, a type of polyphonic composition in which one musical line strictly imitates another at a fixed distance throughout

56
Q

Round

A

Perpetual canon at the unison in which each voice enters in succession with the same melody

57
Q

Form

A

The organizing principle in music; it’s basic elements are repetition, contrast, and variation

58
Q

Variation

A

The compositional procedure of altering a preexisting musical idea

59
Q

Strophic

A

Song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem

60
Q

Through composed

A

Song structure that is composed from beginning to end, without repetitions of large sections

61
Q

Improvisation

A

Spontaneous creation or elaboration of music through performance, as in Baroque ornamentation, cadenzas of concertos, jazz, and some non Western musics

62
Q

Binary form

A

Two part (A-B) form with each section normally repeated

63
Q

Ternary form

A

Three part (A-B-A) form based on a statement (A), contrast (B), and repetition (A)

64
Q

Theme

A

Melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a piece

65
Q

Motive

A

Short melodic or rhythmic idea; the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic-harmonic-rhythmic unit

66
Q

Thematic development

A

Musical expansion of theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm

67
Q

Sequence

A

Restatement of an idea or motive at a different pitch level

68
Q

Call and response

A

Performance style with a singing leader who is imitated by a chorus of followers

69
Q

Ostinato

A

A short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section

70
Q

Movement

A

Complete, self contained part within a larger musical work

71
Q

Scat singing

A

A jazz style that sets syllables without meaning (vocables) to an improvised vocal line

72
Q

Vocalize

A

A textless vocal melody, as in an exercise or concert piece

73
Q

Sacred music

A

Religious or spiritual music, for church or devotional use

74
Q

Latin

A

Language of the Roman Empire, language of learning at medieval and Renaissance universities and of the Roman Catholic Church

75
Q

Secular music

A

Nonreligious music, where there is text, it’s usually in the vernacular

76
Q

Refrain/chorus

A

Text or music that is repeated within a larger form

77
Q

Syllabic

A

Melodic style of one note set to each text syllable

78
Q

Melismatic

A

Melodic style characterized by many notes sung to a single text syllable

79
Q

Neumatic

A

Melodic style with two to four notes set to each syllable

80
Q

Word painting

A

Musical pictorialization of words as an expressive device, a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal

81
Q

Instrument

A

Mechanism that generates musical vibrations and transmits them into the air

82
Q

Register

A

Specific area in the range of an instrument or voice

83
Q

Aerophones

A

Instruments such as a flute, whistle, or horn that produce sound by using air as the primary vibrating means

84
Q

Chordophones

A

Instrument that produces sound from a vibrating string stretched between two points; the string may be set in motion by bowing, striking, or plucking

85
Q

Idiophones

A

Instrument that produces sound from the substance of the instrument itself by being struck, blown, shaken, or scraped, or rubbed. Examples include bells, rattles, xylophones, and cymbals

86
Q

Membranaphones

A

Any instrument that produces sound from tightly stretched membranes that can be struck

87
Q

Homogenous

A

??

88
Q

Chamber music

A

Ensemble music for up to about ten players, with one player to a part

89
Q

Orchestra

A

Any performing body of diverse instruments; gamelan, symphony orchestra

90
Q

Heterogenous

A

?.?

91
Q

Bands

A

Generic name applied to a variety of ensembles, Mostar which rely on winds and percussion

92
Q

Jazz bands

A

Instrumental ensemble made up of reed, brass, and rhythm sections

93
Q

Conductor

A

Beat time in standard metric patterns to help the performers to keep the same tempo with a baton, decide tempo, interpret the piece for the orchestra

94
Q

Concertmaster

A

The first chair violinist of a symphony orchestra

95
Q

Genres

A

General term describing the standard category and overall character of a work

96
Q

Medium

A

Performing forces employed in a certain musical work

97
Q

Oral transmission

A

Tradition of transmitting music by example or imitation and performed from memory

98
Q

Style

A

Characteristic manner of the presentation of musical elements (melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, form, texture, and tempo)

99
Q

Western music

A

??

100
Q

Historical periods

A

Periods of time defined by a certain set of stylistic characteristics

101
Q

Middle Ages

A

(400-1450) the earliest notated music; church music prevails; harmony and rhythmic concepts introduced

102
Q

Renaissance

A

(1450-1600) printing and distribution of music; musical focus moves from church to palace; development of national styles

103
Q

Baroque

A

(1600-1750) invention of opera; development of instrumental music and genres; tonal harmony developed

104
Q

Classical

A

(1750-1825) public concerts featured; symphony orchestra flourishes, large scale compositions developed

105
Q

Romantic

A

(1820-1900) composer as an independent artist; rise of virtuoso performer; chromatic harmony and more dissonance featured; programmatic music; nationalism in composition

106
Q

Post-Romantic and Impressionistic

A

(1890-1915) modal and exotic scales; music influenced by art and literary movements

107
Q

Pope Gregory the Great

A

Credited with codifying Gregorian chant

108
Q

Plainchant/Gregorian chant

A

Monophonic melody with a freely flowing, unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church

109
Q

Catholic mass

A

Central service of the Roman Catholic Church

110
Q

Kyrie

A

The first musical section of the Ordinary of the Mass. it’s construction is threefold, involving three repetitions of “kyrie eleison” (Lord, have mercy), three of “Christe eleison” (Christ, have mercy), and again three of “Kyrie eleison”

111
Q

Monasteries/convents

A

Religious communities of individuals who chose to get her in systematic religious practice

112
Q

Hildegard von Bingen

A

(1098-1179) nun who founded a monastery and whose composition style resembles Gregorian chant but is full of expressive leaps and melismas that clearly convey the meaning of the words

113
Q

Organum

A

Earliest type of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voice above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to the chant at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely

114
Q

Leonin

A
115
Q

Perotin

A
116
Q

Minstrels

A
117
Q

Troubadours and trouveres

A

Medieval poet-musicians in southern France; the women are called trobairitz, those in northern France called trouveres

118
Q

Estampie

A

A dance form prevalent in medieval France, either sung or performed instrumentally

119
Q

Raimbaut de Vaquieras

A

(1155-1207) Typifies the tradition of the courtly troubadour; wrote Kalenda maya, which is defined as estampie; in the service of Marquis Boniface l of Montferrat, and after saving his life, joined forces with Constantinople

120
Q

Quadrivium

A

Four topics considered essential for education: music, math, geometry, and astronomy

121
Q

Ars nova

A

“New art”, the refined, complex style of polyphony in fourteenth century France, as exemplified by the music of Guillaume de Machaut

Music History Exam 1 (1 decks)

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