Exam 1 Flashcards
Primordial
preventing the risk factor
primary
to prevent/advert diseases from happening
secondary
screening, early diagnosis, and treatment
teritary
person is already diagnosed with disease, taking medication, etc
prevent disease from becoming a disability
to ensure they become as functional as possible
4 goals of Healthy People 2020
- attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
- achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
- create social and physical environment and promote good health for all (promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behavior
- implementing 3 levels of prevention
infant mortality rate
determines how healthy the population is, a metric used globally to tell how healthy a nation is
life expectancy
determines a person’s social determinants to health, access to schools, access to resources
when comparing life expectancy, US is way behind
margaret newman continnum
Health is not lack of illness, or a process to become healthy from being ill, but it instead the expansion of consciousness as a result of choices made within the context of patterns of behavior
wellness illness continuum
- wellness is a positive state, opposite is illness
- a person is assessed not only is term of his or her relative health compared with that of others, but also in terms of the favorability of the persons environment for health and wellness
- a favorable environment allows for high-level wellness to occur and an unfavorable environment allows low-level wellness to exist
clinical model
- health is defined by the absence and illness by the conspicuous presence of signs and symptoms of disease
- people who use this model may not seek preventive health service or they may wait until they are very ill to seek care
- the clinical model is the conventional model of the discipline of medicine
role performance model
- defines health in terms of individual’s ability to perform social roles
- includes work, family, and social roles, with performance, based on societal expectations
- the basis for occupational health evaluation, school PE, and physician-excused absence
- “sick role” which excuses people from performing their social functions, is a vital component of the role performance model
adaptive role
- ability to adjust positively to social, mental and physiological change is the measure of their health
- illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these changes
endiamonistic model
- exuberant well-being indicates optimal health
- emphasizes the interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning
- illness is reflected by a denervation or languishing, a lack of involvement with life
medicaid
for impoverished and disabled population
medicare
hospital, doctors’ appointment, for populations 65 and older and some chronic disease
private healthcare
- traditional insurance companies
- PPO: brokers between insures/providers
- HMO: prepayment plans
- POS: combination of HMOs and PPOs
- self-insurance/self-funded
public insurance/assistance
medicare, medicaid
The affordable care act
expected to reduce the number of uninsured people by 60% through the use of the following measures
- Expansion of Medicaid
- Subsidies to pay premiums in health insurance exchanges
- A federal mandate requiring most legal citizens to enroll in an insurance plan or face tax penalties for noncompliance
- A provision allowing children to remain on employer family insurance until the age of 26
verbal vs nonverbal communication
verbal: spoken
nonverbal: gestures, facial expression, body language
therapeutic vs non-therapeutic response
therapeutic: tell me ___ for the pt to elaborate
non therapeutic: yes or no questions
growth
quantifiable change in structure
development
advance in skill from lower to more advanced complexity
CDC growth chart
for American children
WHO growth chart
for children from other countries
apgar score
tells you how well the baby is doing outside the womb
denver II test
development from birth to 6 years old
trust vs mistrust
infant
If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened.
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddler
If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.
initiative vs guilt
preschool
During this period the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities.
industry vs inferiority
school-age
Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child specific skills.
identity vs role
adolescence
During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in.
intimacy vs isolation
young adult
During this stage, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member.
generatively vs stagnation
middle adult
We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care.
ego integrity vs despair
older adult
Individuals who reflect on their life and regret not achieving their goals will experience feelings of bitterness and despair.
if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness.
piagets stages of cognitive development
semsorimotor: birth - 2
- child using senses, being able to grasp an object, see the world through movements and sensations
piagets stages of cognitive development
preoperational: 2-7 years
learning to use words, symbols, and pictures
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
concrete operations (7-11 years)
think logically
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
formal operations (12 and up)
abstract thinking
zygote
created at fertilization
embryo
occurs at first cell divison
fetus
8 weeks after embryo formation
nagele’s rule
tells you the expected date of delivery, last menstrual period + 7 days - 3 months
presumptive signs
N/V, change in breast sensations/szie, increased urinary frequency, missed menstrual period
probable signs
enlargement of the uterus, softening of the uterine isthmus, positive test for HCG in the maternal urine or blood, changes in skin pigmentation (chloasma and lines nigra)
hegar sign (probably sign of pregnancy)
softening of the the uterine isthmus
chadwick sign (probable sign of pregnancy)
bluish or cyanotic color of cervix and upper vagina
Goodall sign (probable sign of pregnancy)
softening of the cervix
piskacek sign (probable sign of pregnancy)
asymmetrical, softened enlargement of the uterine corner caused by placental development
positive signs of pregnancy
detection of fetal heart tones by auscultation, ultrasonography, or doppler
- palpation of fetal body art using leopold maneuvers
- objective detection of fetal movements
- radiological or ultrasonographic demonstration of fetal parts
physical changes in women during pregnancy
- change in size: affects uterus, breasts, vagina, vulva, ovaries
- uterus: increases from “fist” size to capacity of 3.2-4.5 kg infant and placenta, fungus moves higher in abdomen
- breast: enlarge in early pregnancy, late pregnancy: secrete colostrum
- vagina/vulva: greater blood supply, more vaginal secretions
ways to keep women healthy prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and labor
- keeping up with her supplements
- adequate iron intake
- proper sleep and nutrition
denver developmental screening tests
screen at 3-4 months, 10 months, 3 years
infant areas of development
personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language, gross-motor
CDC growth charts infant growth
height, weight, head circumference, plotted on standardized grid
toddler development:
eriskon- autonomy vs same and doubt
piaget- sensorimotor (age 2), preoperational (2-3 years)
toddlerhood nutritional needs
food jags
toddlerhood play
parallel
toddlerhood health issue
otitis media, strabismus, accidental injuries, burns, drowning, poisoning
preschool age development:
eriksons initiative vs guild
piaget preoperational
preschool age health issues
injuries, bicycle safety, drowning, burns, film’s tumor, neuroblastoma, leukemia, retinoblastoma
