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Psych 210 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heuristic

A

mental shortcuts that allows us to make decisions quickly
EG: Supermarket isles

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

Step by step procedure that guarantees a correct solution

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3
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the frequency of some event happening, based on how easily we think of examples.
EG: how the news influences people to think they are more likely to die from terrorism VS falling at home

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4
Q

Egocentrism

A

to perceive the world from our individual, unique perspective

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5
Q

Farming Effect

A

tendency to be persuaded by the way information is presented
EG: Baked chips are perceived as being more healthy than regular chips when they are not

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6
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

judging how likely someone or something is to the typical instance of a mental category that we hold; can lead us to ignore relevant information
EG: schemas

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7
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

tendency to prefer information from ones experiences and ignore information that is representative of most situations

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8
Q

Law of Small numbers

A

Small sample sizes will over represent outliers or fluke data

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9
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

tendency to perceive a relationship when none exists

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10
Q

Descriptive Research

A

depicts variables as they exist in the world

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11
Q

Observational Studies

A

consists of watching behaviors in naturalistic or lab settings

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12
Q

Predictive Research

A

Makes predictions about future events (hypothesis)

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13
Q

Correlation Method

A

How two variables are related

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14
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Both variables increase

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15
Q

Negative Correlation

A

One variable increases, one decreases

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16
Q

Quasi Experimental

A

Compares naturally existing groups, like class and race

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17
Q

Explanatory Research

A

Draws cause and affect relationship between variables

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18
Q

Applied Research

A

Uses all research methods to answer specific research questions

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19
Q

Parameter

A

Number that expresses a value of the population

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20
Q

Descriptive Statistic

A

Statistic that organizes and summarizes information about a sample

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21
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Statistics that draw conclusions about population based on sample

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22
Q

Sampling Error

A

Difference between sample and population

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23
Q

Constructs

A

Variable that cant be measured
(Race, Gender)

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24
Q

Reliability

A

Measure produces consistent results

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25
Q

Test-retest Reliability

A

If people score the same on a test at two different points in time

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26
Q

Internal Reliability

A

extent to which people tend to score similarly on different parts of a measurement that is completed only once
EG: Subject says they are a night owl, and not a morning person

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27
Q

Validity

A

results are relivant to context and question

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28
Q

Construct Validity

A

degree to which variable is operationalized
EG: Race quantified by correlating to number (1: White, 2: African American, 3: Hispanic, etc)

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29
Q

Nominal Scale

A

Categorical data (constructs, groups that cant be quantified)

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30
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

Ranked order

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31
Q

Interval Scale

A

Distance between points of measurement is consistent (Likert Scale)

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32
Q

Ratio Scale

A

Data with meaningful zero point (celsius tempurature)

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33
Q

Scale Data

A

Interval and ordinal scales

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34
Q

Discrete Data

A

Whole number value

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35
Q

Continuous Data

A

Non-whole number value

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36
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Table that contains all data including frequency of each score

37
Q

Grouped Frequency Distribution

A

Frequency table organized into groups.
Usually in numerical order

38
Q

Frequency Polygon

A

Line graph that displays frequency

39
Q

Linear Relationship

A

Positive Correlation

40
Q

Non-linear Relationship

A

Negative Correlation

41
Q

Outlier

A

Score 2 standard deviations away from mean

42
Q

Variability

A

Extent to which scores are different

43
Q

Ceiling Effect

A

Lack of variability in data, scores grouped at upper end of range

44
Q

Floor Effect

A

Lack of variability in data, scores grouped at lower end of range

45
Q

Variance

A

average squared deviation from mean

46
Q

Kurtosis

A

Taildness of a distribution

47
Q

Mesokurtic

A

Normal distribution, normal tails

48
Q

Leptokurtic

A

Heavy tails, more outliers

49
Q

Platykurtic

A

Thin tails, few outliers

50
Q

Z Score

A

Number that indicated how many standard deviations a score is from the mean

51
Q

Percentile Rank

A

percentage of scores that are at or below a particular score in normal distribution

52
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

hypothesis that states there is no relationship between variables

53
Q

Research Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that states there is a relationship between variables

54
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

hypothesis that states relationship between variables, positive or negative.
(One tailed distribution)

55
Q

Non-directional Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that states there is some kind of relationship between variables, but doe not state the nature of it.
(Two tailed distribution)

56
Q

Alpha Level

A

probability value that states the likelihood that statistical results occurred by chance

57
Q

Statistical Significance

A

occurs when an inferential statistical tool suggests that the null hypothesis should be rejected

58
Q

Type 1 Error

A

rejecting a null hypothesis when its true

59
Q

Type 2 Error

A

failing to reject a null hypothesis when its false

60
Q

P value

A

probability that a statistical outcome was obtained by chance and is a type 1 error

61
Q

Z Test

A

parametric statistical tool that allows us to compare a sample to the population from which it was drawn when the population parameters are known

62
Q

Sampling Distribution

A

distribution of a sample means for a fixed sample size drawn from a population

63
Q

Standard error of the mean

A

standard deviation of the sampling distribution

64
Q

Central Limit Theory

A

A accurate sample of a population will have an equal mean. Standard deviation is calculated by dividing population SD by square root of sample size. The larger the sample size, the more normally distributed

65
Q

Test Statistic

A

result of using inferential statistical tool that is compared with a critical value

66
Q

Critical Value

A

Marks the start of the alpha level, if exceeded than null hypothesis is rejected

67
Q

one sample t test

A

tool that allows us to learn whether a sample differs from the population from which it is drawn when sd is not known

68
Q

estimated standard error of the mean

A

estimated sd of sample

69
Q

independent t test

A

tool that compares means of two mutually exclusive groups

70
Q

between subject design

A

experimental design in which participants are randomly assigned to one and only one experimental group

71
Q

standard error of the difference between the means

A

standard deviation of a difference between two groups

72
Q

effect size

A

measure of how powerful relationship between variables is

73
Q

confidence interval

A

interval estimate that contains the population mean a certain percentage of time based on repeated sampling of that population

74
Q

paired sample t test

A

comparing two means derived from same sample

75
Q

within subject design

A

research where participants answer two questions, the answers to which will be compared

76
Q

difference score

A

number that is the difference between a person performance in one experimental condition and his or her performance in a second experimental condition

77
Q

standard error of the difference scores

A

sd of mean difference scores within a sample

78
Q

conditions/ values/ levels

A

term used to denote the number of groups in an experiment

79
Q

bonferroni adjustment

A

dividing .05 alpha by the number of statistical comparisons being made, this controls the chance of making a type 1 error

80
Q

family-wise type 1 error

A

likleyhood of detecting at least on statistically significant result when conducting multiple statistical tests. called family wise because it is error rate for a series of statistical tests

81
Q

Anova

A

tool used to compare means of three or more groups

82
Q

one way anova

A

between subjects, one independent variable and each participant is assigned on experiment level

83
Q

error variance

A

amount of variability between scores resulting from uncontrolled variables

84
Q

within group variability

A

amount of variability between scores winthin each experimental group

85
Q

grand mean

A

all scores averaged

86
Q

between group variability

A

amount of variability between scores across groups

87
Q

partial eta squared

A

effect size in anova

88
Q

tukey HSD post hoc test

A

procedure used after an f ratio is calculated. this procedure allows us to learn which group means are significantly different from one another

Psych 210 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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