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Psych 210 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Heuristic

A

mental shortcuts that allows us to make decisions quickly
EG: Supermarket isles

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

Step by step procedure that guarantees a correct solution

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3
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the frequency of some event happening, based on how easily we think of examples.
EG: how the news influences people to think they are more likely to die from terrorism VS falling at home

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4
Q

Egocentrism

A

to perceive the world from our individual, unique perspective

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5
Q

Farming Effect

A

tendency to be persuaded by the way information is presented
EG: Baked chips are perceived as being more healthy than regular chips when they are not

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6
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

judging how likely someone or something is to the typical instance of a mental category that we hold; can lead us to ignore relevant information
EG: schemas

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7
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

tendency to prefer information from ones experiences and ignore information that is representative of most situations

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8
Q

Law of Small numbers

A

Small sample sizes will over represent outliers or fluke data

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9
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

tendency to perceive a relationship when none exists

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10
Q

Descriptive Research

A

depicts variables as they exist in the world

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11
Q

Observational Studies

A

consists of watching behaviors in naturalistic or lab settings

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12
Q

Predictive Research

A

Makes predictions about future events (hypothesis)

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13
Q

Correlation Method

A

How two variables are related

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14
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Both variables increase

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15
Q

Negative Correlation

A

One variable increases, one decreases

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16
Q

Quasi Experimental

A

Compares naturally existing groups, like class and race

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17
Q

Explanatory Research

A

Draws cause and affect relationship between variables

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18
Q

Applied Research

A

Uses all research methods to answer specific research questions

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19
Q

Parameter

A

Number that expresses a value of the population

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20
Q

Descriptive Statistic

A

Statistic that organizes and summarizes information about a sample

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21
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Statistics that draw conclusions about population based on sample

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22
Q

Sampling Error

A

Difference between sample and population

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23
Q

Constructs

A

Variable that cant be measured
(Race, Gender)

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24
Q

Reliability

A

Measure produces consistent results

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25
Test-retest Reliability
If people score the same on a test at two different points in time
26
Internal Reliability
extent to which people tend to score similarly on different parts of a measurement that is completed only once EG: Subject says they are a night owl, and not a morning person
27
Validity
results are relivant to context and question
28
Construct Validity
degree to which variable is operationalized EG: Race quantified by correlating to number (1: White, 2: African American, 3: Hispanic, etc)
29
Nominal Scale
Categorical data (constructs, groups that cant be quantified)
30
Ordinal Scale
Ranked order
31
Interval Scale
Distance between points of measurement is consistent (Likert Scale)
32
Ratio Scale
Data with meaningful zero point (celsius tempurature)
33
Scale Data
Interval and ordinal scales
34
Discrete Data
Whole number value
35
Continuous Data
Non-whole number value
36
Frequency Distribution
Table that contains all data including frequency of each score
37
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Frequency table organized into groups. Usually in numerical order
38
Frequency Polygon
Line graph that displays frequency
39
Linear Relationship
Positive Correlation
40
Non-linear Relationship
Negative Correlation
41
Outlier
Score 2 standard deviations away from mean
42
Variability
Extent to which scores are different
43
Ceiling Effect
Lack of variability in data, scores grouped at upper end of range
44
Floor Effect
Lack of variability in data, scores grouped at lower end of range
45
Variance
average squared deviation from mean
46
Kurtosis
Taildness of a distribution
47
Mesokurtic
Normal distribution, normal tails
48
Leptokurtic
Heavy tails, more outliers
49
Platykurtic
Thin tails, few outliers
50
Z Score
Number that indicated how many standard deviations a score is from the mean
51
Percentile Rank
percentage of scores that are at or below a particular score in normal distribution
52
Null Hypothesis
hypothesis that states there is no relationship between variables
53
Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis that states there is a relationship between variables
54
Directional Hypothesis
hypothesis that states relationship between variables, positive or negative. (One tailed distribution)
55
Non-directional Hypothesis
Hypothesis that states there is some kind of relationship between variables, but doe not state the nature of it. (Two tailed distribution)
56
Alpha Level
probability value that states the likelihood that statistical results occurred by chance
57
Statistical Significance
occurs when an inferential statistical tool suggests that the null hypothesis should be rejected
58
Type 1 Error
rejecting a null hypothesis when its true
59
Type 2 Error
failing to reject a null hypothesis when its false
60
P value
probability that a statistical outcome was obtained by chance and is a type 1 error
61
Z Test
parametric statistical tool that allows us to compare a sample to the population from which it was drawn when the population parameters are known
62
Sampling Distribution
distribution of a sample means for a fixed sample size drawn from a population
63
Standard error of the mean
standard deviation of the sampling distribution
64
Central Limit Theory
A accurate sample of a population will have an equal mean. Standard deviation is calculated by dividing population SD by square root of sample size. The larger the sample size, the more normally distributed
65
Test Statistic
result of using inferential statistical tool that is compared with a critical value
66
Critical Value
Marks the start of the alpha level, if exceeded than null hypothesis is rejected
67
one sample t test
tool that allows us to learn whether a sample differs from the population from which it is drawn when sd is not known
68
estimated standard error of the mean
estimated sd of sample
69
independent t test
tool that compares means of two mutually exclusive groups
70
between subject design
experimental design in which participants are randomly assigned to one and only one experimental group
71
standard error of the difference between the means
standard deviation of a difference between two groups
72
effect size
measure of how powerful relationship between variables is
73
confidence interval
interval estimate that contains the population mean a certain percentage of time based on repeated sampling of that population
74
paired sample t test
comparing two means derived from same sample
75
within subject design
research where participants answer two questions, the answers to which will be compared
76
difference score
number that is the difference between a person performance in one experimental condition and his or her performance in a second experimental condition
77
standard error of the difference scores
sd of mean difference scores within a sample
78
conditions/ values/ levels
term used to denote the number of groups in an experiment
79
bonferroni adjustment
dividing .05 alpha by the number of statistical comparisons being made, this controls the chance of making a type 1 error
80
family-wise type 1 error
likleyhood of detecting at least on statistically significant result when conducting multiple statistical tests. called family wise because it is error rate for a series of statistical tests
81
Anova
tool used to compare means of three or more groups
82
one way anova
between subjects, one independent variable and each participant is assigned on experiment level
83
error variance
amount of variability between scores resulting from uncontrolled variables
84
within group variability
amount of variability between scores winthin each experimental group
85
grand mean
all scores averaged
86
between group variability
amount of variability between scores across groups
87
partial eta squared
effect size in anova
88
tukey HSD post hoc test
procedure used after an f ratio is calculated. this procedure allows us to learn which group means are significantly different from one another

Psych 210 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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