Exam 1 Flashcards
What is an ion
When protons and electrons are not equal, causing a charge (either positive or negative and will be indicated/given by a coefficient next to the chemical symbol)
What type of bond is found in Water?
polar covalent (hydrogen) bond
Why is the chemistry of water important?
Water molecules attract to each other, creating a movement through a living system. It also is able to maintain a liquid state at higher temperatures.
What is pH?
measure of hydrogen ions in a solution
How do you interpret a pH scale?
Acidic = 0-6
Basic = 8-14
pure water has a pH of 7
What is the difference between a pH of 4 and 5?
pH 4 is 10x more acidic than pH 5. It is also 100x more acidic than pH 6.
How do we find the number of PROTONS in an atom?
the atomic number
How do we find the number of NEUTRONS in an atom?
atomic number - atomic mass.
equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom
How do we find the number of ELECTRONS in an atom
they are equal to the number of protons
What are the most common atoms found in a cell?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)
What is an atom?
smallest unit of life. has a balanced number of protons and electrons
What are isotopes?
Same element with different atomic masses.
Increased number of neutrons
Why do atoms bond with each other?
to fill their valence electron shells and become stable
How do we determine the type of bond two atoms share?
find the electronegativity (largest - smallest)
What is a covalent bond?
electronegativity is between 0-1.7 with NON-METALS
What is an Ionic bond?
electronegativity is greater than 1.7
What is a polar-covalent bond?
electronegativity between 0.4-1.7
What is a NON-polar-covalent bond?
Equal sharing of electrons
Electronegativity is less than 0.4
What is a dipole moment?
when electrons are NOT evenly being shared. This leaves the atom with a partial charge.
What is a hydrogen bond?
strong attraction of hydrogen atoms. The attraction is weaker and can be broken by heat.
What is a hydrophobic substance?
a substance that doesn’t mix with water
What is a hydrophilic substance?
polar substances that mix with water
What is a hydrophobic force?
relations between water and hydrophobes. They are NON-POLAR with long chains
What is entropy?
the energy required to maintain the upkeep of a cell. Things get “chaotic” when it is lowered.
adding hydrophobic substances to water decreases the entropy
Why is carbon essential?
it is light and since there is a lot of it, other atoms bond easily
What is a functional group?
carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phosphate and amino acids
