Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the pulse points?
Temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial
What is S1?
Caused by simultaneous closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves when the ventricles begin to contract during isovolumetric contraction
What is S2?
Caused by simultaneous closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves as the ventricles begin to relax during isovolumetric relaxation
What is auscultation?
Listening to the heart sounds
What is the aortic area?
Located in between the second intercostal space (between ribs 2 & 3) at the right sternal border (to the right of the sternum)
What is the pulmonic area?
Located at the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border
What is the tricuspid area?
In the 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border
What is the mitral area?
Located in the 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line
What is heart rate?
Refers to the number of beats per minute
What is tachycardia?
A heart rate of more than 100 bpm
What is bradycardia?
A heart rate of less than 60 bpm
What is heart rhythm?
Refers to the pattern and regularity with which it beats
What are additional heart sounds?
S3 and S4
What is a heart murmur?
A clicking or “swooshing” noise heard between the heart sounds
What is regurgitation?
Murmurs caused by a valve leaking
What is stenosis?
A valve that has lost its pliability
What is peripheral artery disease?
Any disease of the arteries outside of the brain and coronary circuit
What is the ankle-brachial index (ABI)?
A test used to assess the severity of PAD.
Compares the systolic BP in the legs to the systolic pressure in the arms
What are Korotkoff sounds?
When the pressure is released to the level of the systolic arterial pressure, blood flow through the brachial artery resumes but is turbulent
What are bruits?
The sound of blood flowing through a narrowed portion of an artery
What are capillary beds?
Known as the microcirculation, where gas, nutrient and waste exchange takes place
What is tissue perfusion?
The amount of blood that flows to a tissue through capillary beds
What is capillary refill time?
The time it takes for capillary beds to refill after they have been forcibly emptied by pressure
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood each ventricle pumps in one minute
What makes up cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped with each beat
What is peripheral resistance?
Defined as any impedance to blood flow encountered in the blood vessels
Determined by vasoconstriction and vasodilation
What is blood volume?
The amount of blood found in the blood vessels at any given time
Why does cardiac output change during exercise?
Skeletal muscles need more ATP so the heart and respiration rate increases so more oxygen and glucose can be delivered to muscle mitochondria to make ATP
What is the formula for MAP?
Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)
What is the P wave on an ECG?
Atrial contraction (depolarization)
what is the QRS wave on an ECG?
Ventricles contracting (depolarization)
What is the T wave on an ECG?
Ventricles relaxing (repolarization)
What is an antigen?
Cellular markers which are present on all cell membranes and most compounds.
What antigen is on type A blood?
A antigen
What letter is the Rh antigen?
D
What are antibodies?
They bind to antigens and remove them from tissues
What does it mean if a person is sensitized?
A person is exposed to the Rh antigen and makes the Rh antibodies
What does agglutination mean?
Antibodies bind to antigens and clump together
What is hemolysis?
Destruction of the red blood cells
What is a transfusion reaction?
Recipient antibodies bind to donor antigens; causes agglutination that destroys donor erythrocytes
What is cardiac tamponade?
The pericardium fills with blood, which caused the blood to put pressure on the heart, constricting it and reducing its ability to fill with blood
What chamber of the heart would be most affected by pulmonary hypertension?
The right ventricle of the heart pumps into the pulmonary circuit and is therefore the side affected by pulmonary hypertension
What is pulmonary hypertension?
High blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit
Imaging studies show that Ms. F had blockages in both her right marginal artery and her AV artery. What parts of the heart would be affected by these blockages?
Anterior side of both ventricles and lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle
What is the normal function of a papillary muscle? Predict the consequences of a malfunctioning papillary muscle
Papillary muscles brace the chordae tendinae preventing backflow, therefore her malfunctioning papillary muscle could result in regurgitation
What is a ventricular septal defect?
Characterized by the presence of a hole in the interventricular septum
What is atrial fibrillation?
The myocytes of the atria depolarize and contract individually
What would a drug blocking the sympathetic nervous system do?
Decrease cardiac output
Decrease peripheral resistance
Decrease blood volume
What would a drug that blocks the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Increase cardiac output
Increase peripheral resistance
Increase blood volume
