Exam 1

Question 1

What are the pulse points?

Answer 1

Temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial

Question 2

What is S1?

Answer 2

Caused by simultaneous closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves when the ventricles begin to contract during isovolumetric contraction

Question 3

What is S2?

Answer 3

Caused by simultaneous closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves as the ventricles begin to relax during isovolumetric relaxation

Question 4

What is auscultation?

Answer 4

Listening to the heart sounds

Question 5

What is the aortic area?

Answer 5

Located in between the second intercostal space (between ribs 2 & 3) at the right sternal border (to the right of the sternum)

Question 6

What is the pulmonic area?

Answer 6

Located at the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border

Question 7

What is the tricuspid area?

Answer 7

In the 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

Question 8

What is the mitral area?

Answer 8

Located in the 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line

Question 9

What is heart rate?

Answer 9

Refers to the number of beats per minute

Question 10

What is tachycardia?

Answer 10

A heart rate of more than 100 bpm

Question 11

What is bradycardia?

Answer 11

A heart rate of less than 60 bpm

Question 12

What is heart rhythm?

Answer 12

Refers to the pattern and regularity with which it beats

Question 13

What are additional heart sounds?

Answer 13

S3 and S4

Question 14

What is a heart murmur?

Answer 14

A clicking or “swooshing” noise heard between the heart sounds

Question 15

What is regurgitation?

Answer 15

Murmurs caused by a valve leaking

Question 16

What is stenosis?

Answer 16

A valve that has lost its pliability

Question 17

What is peripheral artery disease?

Answer 17

Any disease of the arteries outside of the brain and coronary circuit

Question 18

What is the ankle-brachial index (ABI)?

Answer 18

A test used to assess the severity of PAD.

Compares the systolic BP in the legs to the systolic pressure in the arms

Question 19

What are Korotkoff sounds?

Answer 19

When the pressure is released to the level of the systolic arterial pressure, blood flow through the brachial artery resumes but is turbulent

Question 20

What are bruits?

Answer 20

The sound of blood flowing through a narrowed portion of an artery

Question 21

What are capillary beds?

Answer 21

Known as the microcirculation, where gas, nutrient and waste exchange takes place

Question 22

What is tissue perfusion?

Answer 22

The amount of blood that flows to a tissue through capillary beds

Question 23

What is capillary refill time?

Answer 23

The time it takes for capillary beds to refill after they have been forcibly emptied by pressure

Question 24

What is cardiac output?

Answer 24

The amount of blood each ventricle pumps in one minute

Question 25

What makes up cardiac output?

Answer 25

Heart rate and stroke volume

Question 26

What is stroke volume?

Answer 26

The amount of blood pumped with each beat

Question 27

What is peripheral resistance?

Answer 27

Defined as any impedance to blood flow encountered in the blood vessels Determined by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 28

What is blood volume?

Answer 28

The amount of blood found in the blood vessels at any given time

Question 29

Why does cardiac output change during exercise?

Answer 29

Skeletal muscles need more ATP so the heart and respiration rate increases so more oxygen and glucose can be delivered to muscle mitochondria to make ATP

Question 30

What is the formula for MAP?

Answer 30

Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

Question 31

What is the P wave on an ECG?

Answer 31

Atrial contraction (depolarization)

Question 32

what is the QRS wave on an ECG?

Answer 32

Ventricles contracting (depolarization)

Question 33

What is the T wave on an ECG?

Answer 33

Ventricles relaxing (repolarization)

Question 34

What is an antigen?

Answer 34

Cellular markers which are present on all cell membranes and most compounds.

Question 35

What antigen is on type A blood?

Answer 35

A antigen

Question 36

What letter is the Rh antigen?

Answer 36

D

Question 37

What are antibodies?

Answer 37

They bind to antigens and remove them from tissues

Question 38

What does it mean if a person is sensitized?

Answer 38

A person is exposed to the Rh antigen and makes the Rh antibodies

Question 39

What does agglutination mean?

Answer 39

Antibodies bind to antigens and clump together

Question 40

What is hemolysis?

Answer 40

Destruction of the red blood cells

Question 41

What is a transfusion reaction?

Answer 41

Recipient antibodies bind to donor antigens; causes agglutination that destroys donor erythrocytes

Question 42

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 42

The pericardium fills with blood, which caused the blood to put pressure on the heart, constricting it and reducing its ability to fill with blood

Question 43

What chamber of the heart would be most affected by pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 43

The right ventricle of the heart pumps into the pulmonary circuit and is therefore the side affected by pulmonary hypertension

Question 44

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 44

High blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit

Question 45

Imaging studies show that Ms. F had blockages in both her right marginal artery and her AV artery. What parts of the heart would be affected by these blockages?

Answer 45

Anterior side of both ventricles and lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle

Question 46

What is the normal function of a papillary muscle? Predict the consequences of a malfunctioning papillary muscle

Answer 46

Papillary muscles brace the chordae tendinae preventing backflow, therefore her malfunctioning papillary muscle could result in regurgitation

Question 47

What is a ventricular septal defect?

Answer 47

Characterized by the presence of a hole in the interventricular septum

Question 48

What is atrial fibrillation?

Answer 48

The myocytes of the atria depolarize and contract individually

Question 49

What would a drug blocking the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 49

Decrease cardiac output Decrease peripheral resistance Decrease blood volume

Question 50

What would a drug that blocks the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 50

Increase cardiac output Increase peripheral resistance Increase blood volume