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A&P II Lab > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pulse points?

A

Temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial

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2
Q

What is S1?

A

Caused by simultaneous closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves when the ventricles begin to contract during isovolumetric contraction

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3
Q

What is S2?

A

Caused by simultaneous closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves as the ventricles begin to relax during isovolumetric relaxation

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4
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to the heart sounds

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5
Q

What is the aortic area?

A

Located in between the second intercostal space (between ribs 2 & 3) at the right sternal border (to the right of the sternum)

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6
Q

What is the pulmonic area?

A

Located at the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border

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7
Q

What is the tricuspid area?

A

In the 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

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8
Q

What is the mitral area?

A

Located in the 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line

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9
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Refers to the number of beats per minute

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10
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

A heart rate of more than 100 bpm

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11
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A heart rate of less than 60 bpm

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12
Q

What is heart rhythm?

A

Refers to the pattern and regularity with which it beats

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13
Q

What are additional heart sounds?

A

S3 and S4

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14
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

A clicking or “swooshing” noise heard between the heart sounds

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15
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Murmurs caused by a valve leaking

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16
Q

What is stenosis?

A

A valve that has lost its pliability

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17
Q

What is peripheral artery disease?

A

Any disease of the arteries outside of the brain and coronary circuit

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18
Q

What is the ankle-brachial index (ABI)?

A

A test used to assess the severity of PAD.

Compares the systolic BP in the legs to the systolic pressure in the arms

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19
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

When the pressure is released to the level of the systolic arterial pressure, blood flow through the brachial artery resumes but is turbulent

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20
Q

What are bruits?

A

The sound of blood flowing through a narrowed portion of an artery

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21
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Known as the microcirculation, where gas, nutrient and waste exchange takes place

22
Q

What is tissue perfusion?

A

The amount of blood that flows to a tissue through capillary beds

23
Q

What is capillary refill time?

A

The time it takes for capillary beds to refill after they have been forcibly emptied by pressure

24
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood each ventricle pumps in one minute

25
Q

What makes up cardiac output?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

26
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped with each beat

27
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Defined as any impedance to blood flow encountered in the blood vessels

Determined by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

28
Q

What is blood volume?

A

The amount of blood found in the blood vessels at any given time

29
Q

Why does cardiac output change during exercise?

A

Skeletal muscles need more ATP so the heart and respiration rate increases so more oxygen and glucose can be delivered to muscle mitochondria to make ATP

30
Q

What is the formula for MAP?

A

Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

31
Q

What is the P wave on an ECG?

A

Atrial contraction (depolarization)

32
Q

what is the QRS wave on an ECG?

A

Ventricles contracting (depolarization)

33
Q

What is the T wave on an ECG?

A

Ventricles relaxing (repolarization)

34
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Cellular markers which are present on all cell membranes and most compounds.

35
Q

What antigen is on type A blood?

A

A antigen

36
Q

What letter is the Rh antigen?

A

D

37
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They bind to antigens and remove them from tissues

38
Q

What does it mean if a person is sensitized?

A

A person is exposed to the Rh antigen and makes the Rh antibodies

39
Q

What does agglutination mean?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens and clump together

40
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Destruction of the red blood cells

41
Q

What is a transfusion reaction?

A

Recipient antibodies bind to donor antigens; causes agglutination that destroys donor erythrocytes

42
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

The pericardium fills with blood, which caused the blood to put pressure on the heart, constricting it and reducing its ability to fill with blood

43
Q

What chamber of the heart would be most affected by pulmonary hypertension?

A

The right ventricle of the heart pumps into the pulmonary circuit and is therefore the side affected by pulmonary hypertension

44
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension?

A

High blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit

45
Q

Imaging studies show that Ms. F had blockages in both her right marginal artery and her AV artery. What parts of the heart would be affected by these blockages?

A

Anterior side of both ventricles and lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle

46
Q

What is the normal function of a papillary muscle? Predict the consequences of a malfunctioning papillary muscle

A

Papillary muscles brace the chordae tendinae preventing backflow, therefore her malfunctioning papillary muscle could result in regurgitation

47
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

Characterized by the presence of a hole in the interventricular septum

48
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

The myocytes of the atria depolarize and contract individually

49
Q

What would a drug blocking the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Decrease cardiac output

Decrease peripheral resistance

Decrease blood volume

50
Q

What would a drug that blocks the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Increase cardiac output

Increase peripheral resistance

Increase blood volume

A&P II Lab (3 decks)

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