exam 1

Question 1

Anthropology

Answer 1

: the study of the evolution and culture of humans and other primates; subfields are biological,
sociocultural (human societies), linguistics (language in culture), and archaeology (material culture of the past).

Question 2

Hominin

Answer 2

us and fossils like us; after the split with great apes

Question 3

Hominid

Answer 3

Humans and great apes

Question 4

Hominoid

Answer 4

All apes

Question 5

Primate

Answer 5

social mammals with grasping hands, bony and enclosed eye sockets, and relatively large brains.

Question 6

Branches of bioanthropology

Answer 6

Bioarchaeology, genetics, forensics, human biology, paleoanthropology, primatology

Question 7

Scientific method

Answer 7

empirical procedure to test hypotheses; failure to falsify can lead to scientific paradigms

Question 8

Phylogeny

Answer 8

A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

Question 9

Taxonomy

Answer 9

The classification of phylogenetic trees

Question 10

Scala naturae

Answer 10

great chain of being - hierarchy of humans at the top due to their complexity and intelligence; more primitive organisms toward the bottom

Question 11

Systema naturae

Answer 11

Linnaeus - three kingdoms: minerals, plants, animals ; god’s creation

Question 12

Binomial nomencature

Answer 12

two part name which emphasizes its genus and species

Question 13

Homology vs Convergence

Answer 13

A trait shared from common descent; traits present in two or more organisms which share their structure from a common ancestor
VS independent evolution AKA analogy; traits that look the same but evolved independently

Question 14

Catastrophism vs uniformitarianism

Answer 14

One or more disasters created features at the same time
VS. geological processes acting today were acting in the past; the earth is ancient)

Question 15

Typology and fixity of species vs. evolutionary change

Answer 15

Typology - Ancient Greeks each species was fixed in its physical form and does not change.
Evolutionary change - (Darwin) descent with modification; species change over time, give rise to a new species, and share a common ancestor- variation

Question 16

Ontogeny

Answer 16

development or course of development especially of an individual organism.
development (ontogeny) does not reflect (recapitulate) shared evolutionary history (phylogeny

Question 17

Inheritance of acquired characteristics vs. evolution of natural selection

Answer 17

Lamarck - If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.
Darwin- Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success.

Question 18

Adaptive radiation and island biogeography

Answer 18

diversification of a single lineage into many species that inhabit a variety of environments; examines the factors that affect the species richness and diversification of isolated natural communities.

Question 19

Artificial selection

Answer 19

special type of natural selection in which humans select which plants or animals
reproduce (e.g., selection for different plant parts, for wool, meat, tameness in animals).