Exam 1 Flashcards
What is an enzyme?
A protein that catalyzes a reaction
Homolog
Enzyme doing same thing in different organism
Isozyme
Different version of an enzyme in the same organism
Rate limiting reactions
Slowest Rxn in a series of rxns
Branching pathways
Nonlinear pathways that arrive at target compound through combos of pathways that split compounds into smaller ones. Work in parallel with many combinations and join compounds into bigger ones
Allosteric modulation
Used to alter the activity of molecules and enzymes
Kinases
Phosphorylates, forms bonds
Phosphatases
Dephosphoralates, breaks bonds
DNA
Genetic material, instructions for development and function of an organism
RNA
Responsible for transcription and translation. Delivery of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are made
Heritable
Can be passed through generations
Gene
Segments/arrangements of DNA. Contain instructions for building molecules
Epigenetic effects
Behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
Methylation
Attachment of a methyl group, stops or slows gene expression. Ex. Famine
Phenotypic plasticity
One genotype, can have many different phenotypes. Different access and environment. Ex. Human height
Ex. Polyphonic Development. White butterflies lighter in summer, darker in spring
Active transport
Requires energy
Moves against the concentration gradient
Passive transport
No energy required
From high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
Secondary active transport
Used when need to transport larger molecules like glucose
Use energy setup from gradients in cotransport
Allows diffusion with energy from primary active transport
Ex. Ion exchange in gills through chloride cells
Ligand channel
Group of trans membrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger
G Protein linked channel
Upon activation by a ligand, receptor bonds to a partner heterotrimeric G protein and promotes exchange of GTP and GDP
Sodium Potassium Pump
3 Na bind to pump
Phosphate from ATP is donated to pump
Pump changes shape and releases Ana outside of cell
2 K bind to pump and into cell
Phosphate group is released and pump returns to original shape
Electrical gradient: outside more positive than inside
For every ATP used three Na are exported and two K imported
Three basic nutrients
Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids
How build polymers
Anabolism
How break polymers
Catabolism
Basic feeding behaviors
Predation
Ecomorphology
Suspension feeding
Forgot formenters
Have expanded stomach. Ruminants
Hi shut fermenters
Colon expands, simple single-chambered stomach. Eat shit
How sugars absorbed
Secondary active transport
Fats absorbed
Emulsify with lipoproteins
Michelle and chylomicron
Ingested chemical energy
Biosynthesis
Maintenance
External work
Lost as feces
Specific dynamic action
Increase in metabolic rate due to eating
Rubners law
BMR is somewhat proportional to surface area. BMR:SV
Proposed smaller metabolic rates were associated with longetivity
Glycolysis
Reactants: glucose, ATP, NAD+
Products: ATP, water
Costs 2 ATP, generates 2 ATP
Krebs
Reactants: Acetyl CoA and NADH2
Products: CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
Generates 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
ADP to ATP
Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi
Products: ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O
32 ATP
ETC
Electrons from NADH or FADH2 eventually transferred to O2
O2 acts as the terminal electron acceptor
1. NADH2-> NAD+2H
2. FADH2-> FAD+ 2H
Ubiquinone
E-> 3. -> 4. 2H+O2-> H2O
Pay as you go phase
Reached at submaximal exercise
At a rate where you can meet O2 demand
O2 Debt
Go into debt at supramaximal exercise
EPOC
Amount of O2 needed to restore body to normal
EPOC gets larger due to build up of lactic acid with increased activity intensity
