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Animal Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that catalyzes a reaction

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2
Q

Homolog

A

Enzyme doing same thing in different organism

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3
Q

Isozyme

A

Different version of an enzyme in the same organism

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4
Q

Rate limiting reactions

A

Slowest Rxn in a series of rxns

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5
Q

Branching pathways

A

Nonlinear pathways that arrive at target compound through combos of pathways that split compounds into smaller ones. Work in parallel with many combinations and join compounds into bigger ones

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6
Q

Allosteric modulation

A

Used to alter the activity of molecules and enzymes

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7
Q

Kinases

A

Phosphorylates, forms bonds

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8
Q

Phosphatases

A

Dephosphoralates, breaks bonds

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9
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material, instructions for development and function of an organism

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10
Q

RNA

A

Responsible for transcription and translation. Delivery of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are made

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11
Q

Heritable

A

Can be passed through generations

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12
Q

Gene

A

Segments/arrangements of DNA. Contain instructions for building molecules

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13
Q

Epigenetic effects

A

Behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

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14
Q

Methylation

A

Attachment of a methyl group, stops or slows gene expression. Ex. Famine

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15
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

One genotype, can have many different phenotypes. Different access and environment. Ex. Human height
Ex. Polyphonic Development. White butterflies lighter in summer, darker in spring

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy
Moves against the concentration gradient

17
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy required
From high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion

18
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Used when need to transport larger molecules like glucose
Use energy setup from gradients in cotransport
Allows diffusion with energy from primary active transport
Ex. Ion exchange in gills through chloride cells

19
Q

Ligand channel

A

Group of trans membrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger

20
Q

G Protein linked channel

A

Upon activation by a ligand, receptor bonds to a partner heterotrimeric G protein and promotes exchange of GTP and GDP

21
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

3 Na bind to pump
Phosphate from ATP is donated to pump
Pump changes shape and releases Ana outside of cell
2 K bind to pump and into cell
Phosphate group is released and pump returns to original shape
Electrical gradient: outside more positive than inside
For every ATP used three Na are exported and two K imported

22
Q

Three basic nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids

23
Q

How build polymers

A

Anabolism

24
Q

How break polymers

A

Catabolism

25
Q

Basic feeding behaviors

A

Predation
Ecomorphology
Suspension feeding

26
Q

Forgot formenters

A

Have expanded stomach. Ruminants

27
Q

Hi shut fermenters

A

Colon expands, simple single-chambered stomach. Eat shit

28
Q

How sugars absorbed

A

Secondary active transport

29
Q

Fats absorbed

A

Emulsify with lipoproteins
Michelle and chylomicron

30
Q

Ingested chemical energy

A

Biosynthesis
Maintenance
External work
Lost as feces

31
Q

Specific dynamic action

A

Increase in metabolic rate due to eating

32
Q

Rubners law

A

BMR is somewhat proportional to surface area. BMR:SV
Proposed smaller metabolic rates were associated with longetivity

33
Q

Glycolysis

A

Reactants: glucose, ATP, NAD+
Products: ATP, water
Costs 2 ATP, generates 2 ATP

34
Q

Krebs

A

Reactants: Acetyl CoA and NADH2
Products: CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
Generates 2 ATP

35
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP to ATP
Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi
Products: ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O
32 ATP

36
Q

ETC

A

Electrons from NADH or FADH2 eventually transferred to O2
O2 acts as the terminal electron acceptor
1. NADH2-> NAD+2H
2. FADH2-> FAD+ 2H
Ubiquinone
E-> 3. -> 4. 2H+O2-> H2O

37
Q

Pay as you go phase

A

Reached at submaximal exercise
At a rate where you can meet O2 demand

38
Q

O2 Debt

A

Go into debt at supramaximal exercise

39
Q

EPOC

A

Amount of O2 needed to restore body to normal
EPOC gets larger due to build up of lactic acid with increased activity intensity

Animal Physiology (1 decks)

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