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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The releasing of hormones that act on a specific site

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2
Q

What releases hormones?

A

Glands

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3
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Exocrine glands secret hormones to be used nearby where as endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood that will be used somewhere in the body

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4
Q

What is a half life?

A

Length of time needed for half of the drug or chemical to be degraded by half

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5
Q

How long does a lipid based hormone last?

A

Hours to days

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6
Q

How long does a protein based hormone last?

A

Minutes

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7
Q

What type of hormone last the longest in the body lipid based or protein based?

A

Lipid based

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8
Q

Where do hormones attach on cells?

A

On a specific receptor site that fits a certain hormone like a key

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9
Q

What is conjugation of a hormone mean?

A

This occurs when a plasma protein is bonded to a hormone to increase half life

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10
Q

What is a beta blocker?

A

A beta blocker is drug that attaches to a receptor that prevents drugs/hormones from binding to the receptor site

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11
Q

What are hormone receptors made of ?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

What do we look at to distinguish different types of receptors?

A

Hormones they recognize,

Their method of information transfer after the hormone is bound to the cell

Location within the cell

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of a hormone that binds to the surface of a cell?

A

Known as secondary messengers

Includes almost all of protein or amino acid hormones

The hormone binds to a membrane protein

Short acting hormones….seconds to minutes

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of a steroid that binds inside of the cytoplasm?

A

Hormones enter the plasma membrane and bind to the receptor

Relatively long acting hormones…hours to days

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of thyroid hormones that bind to nucleus receptors?

A

T3 and T4 hormones

Enters the nucleus and binds to that receptor

Complex association with DNA and transcription

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16
Q

What are prostaglandins? ???????

A

A hormone like substance used by the body to ……..

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The endocrine systems link to the nervous system

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18
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Located at the base of the brain below the thalamus but above the pituitary gland

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates homeostasis by controlling growth, emotions, salt and water balance, sleep, weight, and appetite

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20
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

The gland that is directly connected to the hypothalamus

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21
Q

What type of connection does the posterior pituitary gland have to the hypothalamus?

A

Neural connection

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22
Q

What type of connection does the anterior pituitary gland have to the hypothalamus?

A

Blood connection

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23
Q

What are the hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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24
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Promote water retention by the kidneys

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25
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Proteomes uterine contractions during the delivery of a baby

Sustains uterine contractions after birth

Promotes lactation, social bonding, and sexual arousal

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26
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone/ Somatotropin

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Adrenocotrotropic hormone

Prolactin

Luteinizing Hormone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Lipotropins

Beta Endorphins

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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27
Q

What does growth hormone do for the body?

A

Causes uptake of protein and breakdown of fat

Promotes bone and cartilage growth

Released if blood sugar is too low

Released during times of stress

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28
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

Causes release of thyroid hormones

Promotes growth and development of thyroid

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29
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex

Increases skin pigmentation

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30
Q

What does prolactin do?

A
  • target tissue is mammary gland and ovaries
    - leads to milk production in women (male fxn. ukn.)
    - stimulated by nursing, high estrogen levels or low levels of estrogen & progesterone (low levels of both would occur following delivery)
    - inhibited by progesterone or a combination of high estrogen & progesterone levels
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31
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone do?

A

target tissue: ovary in females, testes in males
- females: ovulation and progesterone production
- males: testosterone production & support sperm production

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32
Q

What does Follicle-stimulating hormone do?

A
  • target: follicles in ovary for women; seminiferous tubes (within the testes) in men
    - females: follicle maturation, estrogen secretion
    - males: spermatogenesis in testes
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33
Q

What are lipotropins?

A

Targets fat tissues to break them down

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34
Q

What are beta endorphins?

A

Targets the brain and other places

Helps with pain relief in the brain

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35
Q

What does melanocyte stimulating hormone do?

A

Results in increased melanin production

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36
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Located on top of the trachea below the larynx

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37
Q

What compound is most important for thyroid hormones

A

Iodide

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38
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the thyroid?

A

T 3/4 and Calcitonin

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39
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

A

Control metabolism and organ maturation and helps regulate blood calcium levels

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40
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases brown break down by osteoclasts and prevents large increases in blood calcium

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41
Q

What releases calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

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42
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They break down bone and release calcium into the blood

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43
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They build up bone and pull calcium from the blood

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44
Q

What happens to the heart if there is too much calcium?

A

The heart goes into tetinay

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45
Q

What is goiter?

A

An iodine deficiency and is visible from enlargement of the thyroid

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46
Q

Where is the parathyroid found?

A

There are 4 parts on the backside of the thyroid on the corners

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47
Q

What hormone is secreted from the parathyroid?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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48
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

It is releases when blood calcium levels are low

It stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone to release calcium In the blood

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49
Q

When would your body want to release calcitonin?

A

When calcium levels in the blood are at the perfect level

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50
Q

When would your body want to release parathyroid hormone?

A

When you do not have enough calcium in the blood

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51
Q

Does calcitonin encourage osteoclasts to work harder or to slow down?

A

Slow down

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52
Q

Does parathyroid hormone increase osteoclasts activity or decrease?

A

Increase

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53
Q

What does the pancreas do in relation to the endocrine system?

A

Helps regulate blood sugar levels in the blood

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54
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release?

A

Glucagon, somatastatin, and insulin

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55
Q

What does glucagon hormone do?

A

Released when you blood sugar is too low

It increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and fats

Increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

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56
Q

What percentage of islets are made of glucagon?

A

20% - 25%

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57
Q

What does the hormone somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits glucagons and insulin release

58
Q

What cells release Glucagon?

A

A cells

59
Q

What percentage of islets are made of somatostatin?

A

5%

60
Q

What does the hormone insulin do?

A

Increases conversion of to glycogen in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

61
Q

When does the body release insulin?

A

When blood sugars are too high

62
Q

What percentage of islets does insulin make up?

A

65% to 75%

63
Q

What type of cells release somatostatin?

A

D cells

64
Q

What type of cells release insulin?

A

B cells

65
Q

What is the purpose of the islets?

A

They release glucagon and insulin

66
Q

Where does glucagon move sugar to and from?

A

Glucagon moves sugar from the cell to the blood

67
Q

Where does insulin move sugar to and form

A

Insulin moves sugar from blood to the cell

68
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine?

A

2%

69
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is exocrine?

A

98%

70
Q

What does the pancrease do?

A
71
Q

What is the duodenum?

A
72
Q

What is diabetes mellitis?

A

Insufficient insulin production

73
Q

Why is diabetes mellitus bad?

A

Because you can get too much sugar in your blood and not enough in the cell

74
Q

What type of diabetes is inherited?

A

Type 1

75
Q

What type of diabetes is set in adult hood?

A

Type 2 and the number of people diagnosed is increasing

76
Q

where are the adrenal glands?

A

Located on top of the kidneys

77
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and medulla

78
Q

What does the medulla hormones prepare you for?

A

Prepares the body for physical activity

79
Q

What does the cortex hormones prepare you for?

A

Released for stress, injury, emotions,

80
Q

What are the medulla hormones?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

81
Q

What type of response is epinephrine ?

A

This is your fight response

82
Q

What kind of response is nor epinephrine?

A

Flight

83
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do to your body?

A

Increases heart rate, respiration, pupil size, and helps blood flow to muscles

84
Q

What are your androgenic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

85
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Things that your body does without you thinking about it

86
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

87
Q

What does the parasympathetic do?

A

Does the opposite of the sympathetic

Calms you down

88
Q

what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralcorticoids

Glucorticoids

Androgens

89
Q

what does mineralcorticoids do?

A

Lipid based and cause water retention

90
Q

What do glucorticoids do?

A

Reduce inflammation

Increase fat and protein breakdown

Increases glucose breakdown

91
Q

What do androgens do?

A

In females it controls arm pit hair growth and sex drive

In males this hormones is overshadowed by testosterone

92
Q

What hormone does the thymus release?

A

Thymosin

93
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

Involved in maturation of T cells

94
Q

what do T cells do?

A

A type of white blood cell that fights off infections

95
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Located in the mid brain

96
Q

what hormones does the pineal gland have?

A

Melatonin

Serotonin

Adrneglomerulotropin

97
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Helps regulate menstrual cycle

98
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Essential to brain function

Helps mood, sleep, digestion, sexual desire

99
Q

What does adrenoglomerulotropin do?

A

Stimulates the production of aldosterone

100
Q

What are the reproductive organs?

A

Testes, ovaries, and placenta

101
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

102
Q

What is the purpose of testosterone

A

Develops male sex organs, helps make sperm, increases protein synthesis, hair growth, enlarged larynx

103
Q

What is the purpose of the ovaries?

A

Produces estrogen and progestorone

104
Q

What hormones does the placenta make?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin

105
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, immune cells, enzymes and CO2 away from tissues

Regulates temp, pH, fluid, and electrolytes

Coagulates to prevent fluid loss

106
Q

What are the three major components of blood?

A

Plasma, Buffy coat, and hematocrit

107
Q

What is in the plasma?

A

Water, proteins, nutrient, hormones

108
Q

What is in the Buffy coat?

A

White blood cells and platelets

109
Q

What is in the hematocrit?

A

Red blood cells

110
Q

If you blood is spin fast what are the layers of the blood from top to bottom?

A

Plasma, Buffy Coat, and Hematocrit

111
Q

What percentage of a sample of blood is hematocrit?

A

About 45% could be more or less depending on sex

112
Q

If you are dehydrate what portion of your blood goes down?

A

Plasma

113
Q

In a blood sample from a dehydrated person what portion of blood would be up and what would be down?

A

Hematocrit/RBC would be up and plasma would be down

114
Q

If someone is anemic what does their blood panel look like?

A

They would have elevated plasma level and decrease Hematocrit/ RBC count

115
Q

What percentage of Plasma is water?

A

92%

116
Q

What electrolytes are found in Plasma

A

Sodium or Na

Calcium or Ca

Potassium or K

Chlorine or Cl

117
Q

What part if blood is albumin found?

A

In the plasma

118
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Helps move small molecules through the blood like bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and meds

It also keeps blood from leaking to other tissues by maintaining osmotic pressure

119
Q

Does albumin help with clotting?

A

Yes

120
Q

How do plasma proteins keep blood slightly alkaline?

A

By binding excess hydrogen in the blood

121
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

122
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

AIDS in blood clotting

123
Q

What are platelets made of ?

A

Cell fragments of megakaryocytes

124
Q

Why are platelets formed?

A

To seal small holes and clot cuts

125
Q

What initiates clotting

A

The release of thromboplasting

126
Q

What is hemorrhaging ?

A

Bleeding

127
Q

What carries bilirubin to the liver?

A

Albumin

128
Q

What happens to the bilirunin once it is in the liver?

A

A protein is attached by UGT

129
Q

What is a bilirubin called with a protein attached?

A

Conjugated bilirubin

130
Q

Where is conjugated bilirubin sent?

A

To the small intestine

131
Q

What are the functions of hematocrit/RBC?

A

To carry oxygen/carbon dioxide and maintain blood pH

132
Q

What color is oxygenated blood?

A

Red

133
Q

What color is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blue

134
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The production of RBC in the bone marrow

135
Q

At what age is your hemoglobin for effective for binding oxygen?

A

When you are a baby in the womb

136
Q

What are arteries ?

A

Vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

137
Q

What is the one artery that does not carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

138
Q

What are capillaries ?

A

This is where gas exchange occurs because they are very thin

139
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

140
Q

What vein is an exception to the vein rule?

A

Pulmonary veins because they carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to the heart

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (2 decks)

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